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INTERNET-BASED EXERCISE OF PERSONAL JURISDICTION

机译：基于互联网的个人管辖权行使

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The Zippo sliding-scale test has emerged as the majority approach in most jurisdictions when the cause of action is not tort-related. With regard to the interactive Web sites, the Zippo analysis has been supplemented by additional elements, such as the intent and deliberate-action requirements found in the ALS and Millennium cases. With regard to general jurisdiction, Zippo is usually a starting point, with courts supplementing the test with additional inquiries into the kind and quantity of contacts by the defendant related to the forum state through use of the Web site. In tort cases, some courts have elected a mixed approach to analyzing minimum contact requirements, and other courts have elected to apply an effects test exclusively in analyzing juris-dictional issues. Case law has fairly well established that, at least with regard to specific personal jurisdiction, the operation of a fully active Web site and conducting business on the Internet does immediately expose one to foreign jurisdictions. The issues that still remain unanswered relate to the level of activity that may subject a potential defendant to general personal jurisdiction and ancillary issues, such as the effect of preventive action through choice-of-forum and choice-of-law clauses in lowering risk of exposure in foreign jurisdiction.
机译：当诉讼因由与侵权行为无关时，Zippo滑动标度测试已成为大多数辖区的多数方法。关于交互式网站，Zippo分析得到了补充，例如在ALS和Millennium案例中发现的意图和故意行动要求。关于一般管辖权，Zippo通常是一个起点，法院通过使用网站来补充测试，进一步调查被告与论坛状态有关的联系类型和数量。在侵权案件中，一些法院选择了一种混合方法来分析最低限度的接触要求，而另一些法院则选择了仅在分析司法管辖区问题时应用效果测试。判例法已经相当完善地确立，至少在特定的个人管辖权方面，一个完全活跃的网站的运营和在互联网上开展业务确实会立即将其暴露于外国管辖权。仍未得到解决的问题与可能使潜在被告人享有一般人身管辖权和附属问题的活动水平有关，例如通过论坛选择和法律选择条款进行的预防行动在降低风险中的作用。在外国管辖范围内曝光。

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