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首页> 外文期刊>Journal of Physical Oceanography >Measuring the Sea: Marsili's Oceanographic Cruise (1679-80) and the Roots of Oceanography
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Measuring the Sea: Marsili's Oceanographic Cruise (1679-80) and the Roots of Oceanography

机译：测量海洋：马西里的海洋巡游（1679-80年）和海洋学的根源

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摘要

The first in situ measurements of seawater density that referred to a geographical position at sea and time of the year were carried out by Count Luigi Ferdinando Marsili between 1679 and 1680 in the Adriatic Sea, Aegean Sea, Marmara Sea, and the Bosporus. Not only was this the first investigation with documented oceanographic measurements carried out at stations, but themeasurements were described in such an accurateway that the authorswere able to reconstruct the observations in modern units. These first measurements concern the ''specific gravity'' of seawaters (i.e., the ratio between fluid densities). The data reported in the historical oceanographic treatise Osservazioni intorno al Bosforo Tracio (Marsili) allowed the reconstruction of the seawater density at different geographic locations between 1679 and 1680. Marsili's experimental methodology included the collection of surface and deep water samples, the analysis of the samples with a hydrostatic ampoule, and the use of a reference water to standardize the measurements. Acomparison of reconstructed densities with present-day values shows an agreement within 10%-20% uncertainty, owing to various aspects of the measurement methodology that are difficult to reconstruct from the documentary evidence. Marsili also measured the current speed and the depth of the current inversion in the Bosporus, which are consistent with the present-day knowledge. The experimental data collected in the Bosporus enabledMarsili to enunciate a theory on the cause of the two-layer flow at the strait, demonstrated by his laboratory experiment and later confirmed by many analytical and numerical studies.
机译：路易吉·费迪南多·马西里伯爵（Count Luigi Ferdinando Marsili）在1679年至1680年之间在亚得里亚海，爱琴海，马尔马拉海和博斯普鲁斯海峡进行了第一批针对海水密度的现场原位测量。这不仅是首次在站进行有记录的海洋学测量的调查，而且以如此精确的方式描述了测量结果，从而使作者能够以现代单位重建观测结果。这些最初的测量涉及海水的``比重''（即流体密度之间的比率）。历史海洋专着《 Osservazioni intorno al Bosforo Tracio（Marsili）》中报告的数据允许重建1679年至1680年之间不同地理位置的海水密度。Marsili的实验方法包括收集地表水和深水样品，并对样品进行分析静液压安瓿瓶，并使用参比水使测量标准化。重建密度与当前值的比较显示，在不确定性的10％-20％之内，这是由于测量方法学的各个方面难以从文献证据中重建的。马西里还测量了博斯普鲁斯海峡的当前速度和当前逆转的深度，与当今的知识相一致。博斯普鲁斯海峡收集的实验数据使马西里能够阐明有关海峡两层水流成因的理论，这是由他的实验室实验证明的，后来又得到了许多分析和数值研究的证实。

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