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Annual ENSO

机译：年度ENSO

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Using various observational data, the seasonal cycle of the tropical Pacific is investigated, suggesting the existence of an "annual El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO)." A positive sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) appearing off Peru in boreal winter triggers a series of air-sea interactions that consist of westward propagations of positive SSTA, westerly wind anomalies, and negative outgoing longwave radiation anomalies. At the same time, the westerly wind anomaly generates cold temperature anomalies in the off-equatorial region, and they propagate westward as a "cold" Rossby wave, reaching the western tropical Pacific in boreal summer to autumn. A semiresonant condition between the westward propagating component of winds and the first-meridional-mode Rossby wave plays an important role in the amplification. The evolution of cold phase in the latter half of the year is almost a mirror image of the warm phase. From a new viewpoint of the annual ENSO, the ENSO is interpreted as the interaction between two distinct modes of air-sea interaction: the annual ENSO mode and an "interannual ENSO" mode. The eastward-propagating interannual ENSO mode is an air-sea coupled mode, which is triggered by the westerly wind stress anomaly in the western equatorial Pacific and leads to the deepening of the thermocline and the warming of SST in the central and eastern equatorial Pacific. This results in a modulation of the annual ENSO mode with a weaker cold season and stronger warm season owing to less effective upwelling of the cold subsurface water. The decadal variation of ENSO is explained by changes in the relative phase and amplitude of these two modes. The increase in the amplitude of the interannual ENSO mode after the late 1970s favors the appearance of the eastward propagation of ENSO signals.
机译：利用各种观测数据，对热带太平洋的季节周期进行了调查，表明存在“每年的厄尔尼诺现象-南方涛动（ENSO）”。北方冬季在秘鲁北部出现的正海面温度异常（SSTA）引发了一系列海气相互作用，包括正向SSTA的向西传播，西风异常和负向出站的长波辐射异常。同时，西风异常在赤道外地区产生低温异常，它们以“冷”罗斯比波向西传播，在夏季至秋季的北半球到达西部热带太平洋。在向西传播的风与第一对子模态的罗斯比波之间的半共振条件在放大中起重要作用。下半年冷期的演变几乎是暖期的镜像。从年度ENSO的新观点来看，ENSO被解释为两种不同的海海相互作用模式之间的相互作用：年度ENSO模式和“年度ENSO”模式。每年向东传播的ENSO模式是海-海耦合模式，它是由赤道西太平洋的西风应力异常触发的，并导致赤道中东部的热跃层加深和海温上升。这导致了年度ENSO模式的调整，由于寒冷的地下水的有效上升趋势较弱，因此寒冷季节较弱，温暖季节较强。 ENSO的年代际变化可以通过这两种模式的相对相位和幅度的变化来解释。 1970年代后期以后，年际ENSO模式的振幅增加，有利于ENSO信号向东传播。

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