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首页> 外文期刊>Journal of soil & sediments >Application of confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) to visualize the effect of porous media wettability on unsaturated pore water configuration
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Application of confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) to visualize the effect of porous media wettability on unsaturated pore water configuration

机译：共聚焦激光扫描显微镜（CLSM）在可视化多孔介质润湿性对不饱和孔隙水形态的影响中的应用

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Purpose Wettability affects water configuration and thereby transport processes and microbial activity in soil. Approaches to visualize the effect of porous media wettability on water films surrounding particles are rarely available in the literature. The aim of this study is therefore (1) to visualize the effect of wettability on area and connectivity of the water phase and (2) to develop a segmentation strategy to enable water films and bulk water to be differentiated. Materials and methods Wettability of silica sand was rendered by silanization using dichlorodimethylsilane. The resulting contact angle was measured using the sessile drop method. Furthermore, wettability was characterized by the water penetration time test in air-dry samples and at a volumetric water content of 8 vol.%. Sulforhodamine B was used to stain distilled water at a concentration of 40 mg/1. By means of the Wilhelmy plate method, the influence of the dye on the liquid surface tension was tested. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) was used to visualize the area and connectivity of the fluorescent-dyed water phase and the thickness of water films in untreated and silanized samples at water contents of 8, 16, and 32 vol.%. Results and discussion The silanization significantly increased the contact angle of silica sand, whereas the surface tension of the dye solution did not differ significantly from that of undyed water. CLSM visualized the distribution of water, focused across the surface grain layer. Thresholding of fluorescence signal in two-dimensional intensity projections enables the discrimination between film and bulk water. It was shown that even subcritical water repellency (contact angle <90) leads to a decrease in area and connectivity of the water phase by affecting film instead of bulk water. CLSM detects decreasing effects of wettability with increasing water content, which were no longer significant at a water content of 32 vol.%. CLSM was found to be more sensitive for detecting the effects of wettability than the water drop penetration time test. Conclusions CLSM provides new insight into wettability-dependent water configuration. One advantage over conventional microscopy arises from the capability to visualize water focused over the pore space. Compared to other three-dimensional imaging techniques, the advantage of CLSM is its simplicity. If only the optically accessible upper layer of the porous media is of interest, sample preparation, measurements, and image analysis can easily be carried out with a cost- and time-saving setup.
机译：目的润湿性会影响水的配置，从而影响土壤中的运输过程和微生物活性。在文献中很少有可视化多孔介质润湿性对颗粒周围水膜影响的方法。因此，本研究的目的是（1）可视化润湿性对水相面积和连通性的影响，以及（2）制定分割策略以区分水膜和大量水。材料和方法使用二氯二甲基硅烷进行硅烷化可提高硅砂的可湿性。使用无滴法测量所得的接触角。此外，润湿性的特征在于在空气干燥的样品中以及在体积水含量为8体积％时的水渗透时间测试。磺胺丁丹B用于染色蒸馏水，浓度为40 mg / 1。通过Wilhelmy平板法，测试了染料对液体表面张力的影响。共聚焦激光扫描显微镜（CLSM）用于可视化荧光染色水相的面积和连通性，以及水含量为8、16和32 vol。％时未处理和硅烷化样品中的水膜厚度。结果与讨论硅烷化显着增加了硅砂的接触角，而染料溶液的表面张力与未染色水的表面张力没有显着差异。 CLSM将水的分布可视化，集中在整个表层谷物上。二维强度投影中的荧光信号阈值可区分薄膜和大量水。结果表明，即使是次临界的疏水性（接触角<90）也会通过影响薄膜而不是散装水而导致水相面积和连通性的降低。 CLSM检测到随着水含量的增加，润湿性的影响逐渐减小，而当水含量为32％（体积）时，这种影响不再明显。发现CLSM对检测润湿性的影响比水滴渗透时间测试更敏感。结论CLSM为依赖于润湿性的水结构提供了新的见识。优于常规显微镜的一个优点是能够可视化聚焦在孔隙空间上的水。与其他三维成像技术相比，CLSM的优势在于其简单性。如果仅对多孔介质的光学可访问的上层感兴趣，则可以通过节省成本和时间的设置轻松进行样品制备，测量和图像分析。

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