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首页> 外文期刊>Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research >Using mosses as biomonitors to study trace element emissions and their distribution in six different volcanic areas
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Using mosses as biomonitors to study trace element emissions and their distribution in six different volcanic areas

机译：使用苔藓作为生物监测器研究六种不同火山区中的痕量元素排放及其分布

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摘要

Volcanoes emit SO2, CO2, and H2S, but also trace elements gases and particles such as As, Cd Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Sb. Active moss bag biomonitoring, an easy to apply and low budget method, was used to determine trace element release from volcanic areas of different geological context and climates. Exposure height variations (0.7-1.6 m above ground) due to different availability of natural tie points did not affect the results. Accumulation was linear for exposure durations from three days to nine weeks, so values were comparable by normalization to moss exposure time. Uncovered moss bags showed higher accumulation than co -exposed covered ones because of additional dust and wet deposition while washout by rain was negligible. The selection of a specific moss significantly affected element accumulation with moss of lower shoot compactness accumulating more. For all volcanic areas, highest accumulation was found for S (1-1000 mu mol.(g. d)(-1)), followed by Fe and Mg (0.1-10 mu mol.(g.d)(-1)), Sr, Ba, Pb, Cr, Li (10(-4)-10(-1) mu mol.(g.d)(-1)), then Co, Mo and the volatile elements As, Sb, Se, TI, Bi (10(-6)-10(-2) mu mol.(g.d)(-1)). For most elements, open conduit volcanoes (Etna, Stromboli, Nyiragongo) showed higher moss accumulation rates than more quiescent hydrothermal areas (Vulcano > Nisyros > Yellowstone National Park) and a correlation of S, Fe, and Pb from eruptive ash and lava emissions. For some volatile elements (S, As, Se), higher accumulation was observed within fumarolic fields compared to crater rims of open conduit volcanoes which is a relevant information for risk assessment of tourist exposure to volcanic gases. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
机译：火山会排放SO2，CO2和H2S，但还会排放微量元素的气体和颗粒，例如As，Cd Cr，Cu，Hg，Ni，Pb和Sb。主动式苔藓袋生物监测是一种易于应用且成本低廉的方法，用于确定不同地质背景和气候的火山区中的微量元素释放。由于自然联系点的可用性不同，暴露高度的变化（离地面0.7-1.6 m）不会影响结果。从三天到九周的暴露持续时间，累积量呈线性关系，因此通过标准化与苔藓暴露时间相当，该值可比。未发现的苔藓袋显示出比共暴露的苔藓袋更高的积聚，这是因为额外的灰尘和湿的沉积物，而雨水冲刷则可忽略不计。特定苔藓的选择会显着影响元素的积累，而枝条紧密度较低的苔藓会积累更多。在所有火山区中，S（1-1000μmol。（g.d）（-1）），S和Fe和Mg（0.1-10μmol。（gd）（-1））的堆积量最高。 Sr，Ba，Pb，Cr，Li（10（-4）-10（-1）μmol。（gd）（-1）），然后是Co，Mo和挥发性元素As，Sb，Se，TI，Bi （10（-6）-10（-2）摩尔（gd）（-1））。对于大多数元素而言，裸露的导管火山（Etna，Stromboli，Nyiragongo）显示出比更静止的热液区（Vulcano> Nisyros>黄石国家公园）高的青苔蓄积率，并且火山灰和熔岩的排放与S，Fe和Pb的相关性。对于某些挥发性元素（S，As，Se），与开放式导管火山的火山口边缘相比，在富马地气田中观察到更高的积累，这是游客评估火山气体暴露风险的相关信息。 （C）2017 Elsevier B.V.保留所有权利。

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