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首页> 外文期刊>Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research >Recent unrest (2002-2015) imaged by space geodesy at the highest risk Chilean volcanoes: Villarrica, Llaima, and Calbuco (Southern Andes)
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Recent unrest (2002-2015) imaged by space geodesy at the highest risk Chilean volcanoes: Villarrica, Llaima, and Calbuco (Southern Andes)

机译：大地测量法对智利火山风险最高的近期动荡（2002-2015）进行了成像：比利亚里卡，利莱马和卡尔布科（安第斯山脉南部）

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Villarrica, Llaima, and Calbuco volcanoes are the most active and dangerous volcanoes in the Southern Andes, and we use Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) observations from multiple satellites (ERS-2, ENVISAT, ALOS, RADARSAT-2, COSMO-SkyMed, TerraSAR-X, Sentinel-1A and ALOS-2) to constrain ground deformation that spans episodes of unrest and eruption at all three volcanoes between 2002 and 2015. We find episodes of ground deformation at each volcano, which we invert using analytic elastic half-space models to make some of the first geophysical inferences about the source depths of potential magma chambers. At Llaima, we interpret that the VEI 2 April 3, 2009 eruption was preceded by similar to 6-15 cm of precursory ground uplift one month before from a source similar to 5 km below the surface on the western side of the edifice. The VEI 2 March 3, 2015 Villarrica eruption was followed by a short lived uplift of 5 cm in the SE part of the volcano from a source depth of similar to 6 km. The VEI 4 April 22-23,2015 Calbuco eruption produced 12 cm of coeruptive subsidence from a source depth 8-11 km and offset similar to 2 km S from the summit. Importantly, we do not find clear evidence that the January 1,2008, the March 3,2015 and April 22,2015 eruptions at Llaima, Villarrica and Calbuco volcanoes were preceded by either transient or continuous ground uplift. There are several possible explanations for the lack of precursory deformation at each volcano - it is possible that any precursory deformation occurred only hours before the eruption (e.g., at Calbuco), pre-eruptive inflation was canceled by co-eruptive subsidence (as we inferred happened during the April 2009 Llaima eruption), the pre-eruptive deformation was too small to be detectable in areas with persistent topography correlated phase delays, pressurized source are deep, or that open-vent volcanoes like Villarrica and Llaima do not pressurize. At all three volcanoes, X and C band interferograms decorrelate in a few weeks due to vegetation, snow and ice, and have persistent atmospheric phase delays that we find cannot be reliably removed with available global weather models. The low number of SAR acquisitions therefore makes it challenging to reliably measure unaliased deformation. We recommend a multi-satellite observing strategy with short repeat periods, frequently acquired high -resolution digital elevation models, and with acquisitions during every satellite overflight that may improve the temporal resolution of measurements. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
机译：Villarrica，Llaima和Calbuco火山是安第斯山脉南部最活跃和危险的火山，我们使用多颗卫星（ERS-2，ENVISAT，ALOS，RADARSAT-2，COSMO-SkyMed， TerraSAR-X，Sentinel-1A和ALOS-2）以限制跨越2002年至2015年间所有三座火山的动荡和喷发的地面变形。我们发现每个火山的地面变形都可以通过解析半弹性反演得到。空间模型，以对潜在岩浆室的震源深度进行一些初步的地球物理推断。在Llaima，我们解释说，在2009年4月2日VEI喷发之前一个月，地面上的隆起发生了类似于6-15 cm的前兆隆升，其源头接近建筑物西侧表面以下5 km。 VEI 2 2015年3月3日，比拉里卡火山喷发，随后在火山东南部5 cm的短时隆升，震源深度约为6 km。 VEI 2015年4月22日至23日，卡尔布科火山喷发在8-11 km的震源深度产生了12 cm的凝聚沉降，距顶峰的偏移量约为2 km。重要的是，我们没有明显的证据表明，在2008年1月1日，2015年3月3日和2015年4月22日在莱马，比利亚里卡和卡尔布科火山的火山爆发是短暂或连续的地面隆升。对于每个火山缺乏前兆形变有几种可能的解释-任何前兆形变都可能在喷发前几个小时发生（例如，在Calbuco），喷发前的通货膨胀被协同喷发下沉抵消了（我们推断发生在2009年4月的Llaima喷发期间），喷发前的变形太小，无法在与地形相关的持续地形相关的相位延迟，受压源很深的地区，或者像Villarrica和Llaima之类的开敞火山没有受压的区域中检测不到。在这三个火山中，由于植被，雪和冰，X和C波段的干涉图在几周内解相关，并且存在持续的大气相位延迟，我们发现无法用可用的全球天气模型可靠地消除该延迟。因此，SAR采集的次数很少，因此难以可靠地测量非锯齿形变非常困难。我们建议采用多卫星观测策略，该策略具有短的重复周期，频繁获取的高分辨率数字高程模型，并且在每次卫星飞越期间进行采集都可以提高测量的时间分辨率。 （C）2017 Elsevier B.V.保留所有权利。

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