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首页> 外文期刊>Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research >Heat and mass transport in sublacustrine vents in Yellowstone Lake, Wyoming: In-situ chemical and temperature data documenting a dynamic hydrothermal system
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Heat and mass transport in sublacustrine vents in Yellowstone Lake, Wyoming: In-situ chemical and temperature data documenting a dynamic hydrothermal system

机译：黄石湖中苏布鲁斯通风口的热量和大规模运输，Wyoming：原位化学和温度数据记录动态水热系统

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Recent advances in the development of in-situ chemical and temperature sensors have shown great promise as a means to investigate time series changes in marine and terrestrial hydrothermal systems. Here we apply this technology to assess chemical and physical controls on sublacustrine vent fluids in Yellowstone Lake, WY. Autonomous sensor systems were deployed in August 2017 using ROV assets to position instruments at two sites in the Deep Hole region of the Lake, off-shore from Stevenson Island. Earlier studies have documented that fissure related depressions (similar to 120 m water depth) in this region host numerous vents issuing high enthalpy. CO2 saturated and H2S bearing vapor, at temperatures in excess of 150 C. The YSZ (ceramic)-based in-situ chemical sensors deployed here were designed to measure pH and redox at 60 s intervals for up to one year. Two titanium-sheathed thermocouples, one coupled directly to the electrochemical sensor and another, independently powered and positioned slightly deeper in vents at deployment sites, provided insight on maximum temperature in the near surface region. In addition to in-situ chemical and temperature data, vent fluid samples were acquired at the outset and during recovery with a novel isobaric system that maintains lake bottom pressure, precluding fluid-sample de-gassing. At the same time, push cores of vents and in the near vent region were also acquired. The mineralized cores provide evidence of long term mass transfer processes, while also facilitating insertion and stabilization of the sensor units on the lake floor. Recovery of the sensors documented similar chemical controls at both sites, suggesting compositionally invariant vapor influx, characterized by moderately low pH (similar to 4-5) and reducing conditions, buffered by CO2 and H2S, respectively. Accordingly, the diatomaceous sediment was extensively altered to kaolinite and pyrite. Temperature variability at the two sites was especially significant. One site (Site B), situated on the slope of what might be a hydrothermal domal structure, demonstrated noteworthy cooling and heating episodes that may be associated with hydrothermally or seismically triggered sediment slumping events. Upon instrument recovery in 2018, the vent site was largely sediment covered and the sensor insert showed evidence of dis-location and melting by conductive heating under the hot sediment overburden. The initially active and high temperature vent fluid (similar to 148 degrees C) had largely ceased and replaced by diffuse flow venting at the margin of the previous up-flow zone. The time series in-situ chemical and physical data obtained in the course of the study document the existence of a dynamic hydrothermal system in time and space, while underscoring the challenges of research of this type in such environments. Published by Elsevier B.
机译：原位化学和温度传感器的开发的最新进展表明了作为调查海洋和陆地水热系统的时间序列变化的手段。在这里，我们应用了这项技术，以评估黄石湖，WY的苏布鲁斯通风液上的化学和物理控制。自主传感器系统于2017年8月部署，利用ROV资产在湖泊深孔地区的两个地点定位仪器，史蒂文森岛的离岸。早期的研究记录了该地区的裂隙相关凹陷（类似于120米的水深）举办了众多通风口发出高焓。 CO 2饱和和H2S轴承蒸汽，在过量超过150℃的温度下。在此部署的YSZ（陶瓷）基于原位化学传感器的设计，以60秒的间隔测量pH和氧化还原，长达一年。两个钛护套热电偶，一个连接到电化学传感器，另一个，在部署部位的通风口中稍微深入耦合到另一个，稍微深入，提供了关于近表面区域中最大温度的洞察力。除了原位化学和温度数据之外，在开始时和在回收过程中，使用一种具有湖底压力的新型等级系统来获得排气流体样品，防止流体样品去气相。同时，还获得了推动通风口和近气区的核心。矿化核心提供了长期传质过程的证据，同时还促进了在湖面上的传感器单元的插入和稳定。传感器的恢复记录了两个位点的类似化学对照，表明组成不变的蒸汽流入，其特征在于，通过中等低pH（类似于4-5）和通过CO 2和H2S缓冲的还原条件。因此，硅藻土沉积物被广泛改变为高岭石和黄铁矿。两个位点的温度变异性特别显着。一个位点（网站B）位于可能是水热源区结构的斜率上，表现出可值得注意的冷却和加热事件，其可能与水热或地球触发的沉积物坍塌事件相关联。在2018年仪器恢复时，排气部位大部分沉积物覆盖，传感器插入件显示了Dis-Location的证据，并通过在热沉积物下覆盖下的导电加热熔化。最初的活性和高温通气流体（类似于148℃）在很大程度上停止并通过在先前上流量区域的边缘处的漫射流动排放而代替。在研究过程中获得的时间序列原位化学和物理数据记录了动态水热系统的存在时间和空间，同时强调了这种环境研究这种类型的研究挑战。由elsevier b出版。

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