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首页> 外文期刊>Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research >Geochemical heterogeneity of sublacustrine hydrothermal vents in Yellowstone Lake, Wyoming
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Geochemical heterogeneity of sublacustrine hydrothermal vents in Yellowstone Lake, Wyoming

机译：怀俄明州黄石湖湖底热液喷口的地球化学异质性

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ROV-based submersible operations in Yellowstone Lake (Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, USA) have identified two locations with chemically and mineralogically distinct sublacustrine hydrothermal fluids and deposits: The Deep Hole east of Stevenson Island (SI Deep Hole) and the SE West Thumb Deep Vent field (SE WT Field). The SI Deep Hole is the deepest part of Yellowstone Lake (120 m), and hosts up to 174 degrees C fluids heated by steam that condenses on contact with cold lake water. The resulting hot fluids exit through a clay alteration cap that largely consists of kaolinite. The SI Deep Hole hydrothermal vents are analogous to steam-heated hot springs elsewhere in Yellowstone National Park (YNP) (e.g. the Mud Volcano area), which are typified by fumaroles and acid-sulfate fluids. These deep sublacustrine vent fluids are more aptly termed "carbonic-acid-sulfide", owing to a lack substantial sulfate from H2S oxidation and acidity attributed to dissolved CO2. At 53 m depth, vent fluids at the SE WT Field achieve temperatures of up to 141 degrees C. These neutral-chloride fluids are largely similar to those that produce siliceous deposits in many subaerial YNP geyser basins. Geothermometry calculations and binary mixing relationships indicate the SE WT Field fluids equilibrated at 207 to 224 degrees C following mixing between oxygenated dilute cold groundwater and a fluid with T = 345 to 364 degrees C, Cl = 400 ppm, and delta D = -149 parts per thousand (VSMOW); broadly similar to the putative deep parent fluid that supplies most geyser basins in YNP. The delta D values of SE WT Field fluids cannot be derived from lake water, implying km-scale lateral hydrothermal fluid flow from outside the boundary of Yellowstone Lake. The fluid compositions and hydrothermal processes operating in the two sublacustrine vent systems are distinct but the overarching influence of magmatic heating, complex degassing, and alteration mineralization effects are broadly comparable to those that affect their subaerial counterparts. The high temperatures and hydrostatic pressures of the sublacustrine vents, however, provide a window into the evolution of fluid chemistry in more deeply seated and less accessible regions of the subsurface YNP and similar volcanically active hydrothermal systems elsewhere. (C) 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
机译：黄石湖（美国怀俄明州黄石国家公园，Yellowstone国家公园）中基于ROV的潜水作业确定了两个化学和矿物学上不同的湖底热液和沉积物位置：史蒂文森岛以东的Deep Hole（SI Deep Hole）和SE West Thumb Deep通风孔字段（SE WT字段）。 SI深孔是黄石湖最深的部分（120 m），盛有高达174摄氏度的流体，这些流体被蒸汽加热，并在与冷湖水接触时凝结。产生的热流体通过主要由高岭石组成的粘土蚀变帽流出。 SI深孔热液喷口类似于黄石国家公园（YNP）其他地方（例如泥火山地区）的蒸汽加热的温泉，典型的是喷气孔和酸性硫酸盐流体。这些深湖底排放液被更恰当地称为“碳酸-硫化物”，这是由于缺少H2S氧化产生的大量硫酸盐和归因于溶解CO2的酸度。在53 m的深度处，SE WT场的排放流体达到的温度高达141摄氏度。这些中性氯化物流体与在许多地下YNP间歇泉盆地中产生硅质沉积物的流体非常相似。地热计量计算和二元混合关系表明，在含氧的稀冷地下水和T = 345至364°C，Cl = 400 ppm和δD = -149份的流体之间混合后，SE WT现场流体在207至224摄氏度下达到平衡。每千（VSMOW）;与YNP中大多数间歇泉盆地的推定深层母液大致相似。 SE WT Field流体的δD值不能从湖水中得出，这意味着从黄石湖边界以外的千米规模的横向热液流体流动。在两个湖底喷口系统中运行的流体成分和热液过程是截然不同的，但是岩浆加热，复杂的脱气和蚀变矿化作用的总体影响与影响其陆下对应物的影响大致相当。然而，湖底通风口的高温和静水压力为深入了解YNP和其他地方类似的具有火山活动性的热液系统的位置更深，难以接近的流体化学提供了一个窗口。 （C）2019 Elsevier B.V.保留所有权利。

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