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Effects of sea urchin disease on coastal marine ecosystems

机译：海胆病对沿海海洋生态系统的影响

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摘要

Outbreaks of disease in herbivorous sea urchins have led to ecosystem phase shifts from urchin barrens to kelp beds (forests) on temperate rocky reefs, and from coral to macroalgal-dominated reefs in the tropics. We analyzed temporal patterns in epizootics that cause mass mortality of sea urchins, and consequent phase shifts, based on published records over a 42-year period (1970-2012). We found no evidence for a general increase in disease outbreaks among seven species of ecologically important and intensively studied sea urchins. Periodic waves of recurrent amoebic disease of Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis in Nova Scotia coincide with periods when the system was in a barrens state and appear to have increased in frequency. In contrast, following a major epizootic that decimated Diadema antillarum throughout the Caribbean in 1983, subsequent outbreaks of disease were highly localized and none have been reported since 1991. Epizootics of Strongylocentrotus in the NW Atlantic and NE Pacific, and Paracentrotus and Diadema in the eastern Atlantic, have been linked to climate change and overfishing of sea urchin predators. The spatial extent of recurrent disease outbreaks in these species, and the frequency of phase shifts associated with these epizootics, has decreased over time due to the expansion of the macroalgal state and its stabilization through positive feedback mechanisms. Longitudinal studies to monitor disease outbreaks in sea urchin populations and improved techniques to identify causative agents are needed to assess changes in the frequency and extent of epizootics, which can profoundly affect the structure and functioning of coastal marine ecosystems.
机译：食草性海胆疾病的爆发已导致生态系统相变，从温带岩石礁的海胆贫瘠到海带床（森林），以及在热带地区从珊瑚礁到以大型藻类为主的礁石。我们根据42年间（1970年至2012年）的公开记录，分析了引起海胆大量死亡以及随之而来的相移的流行病中的时间模式。我们发现没有证据表明在具有生态学意义和经过深入研究的7种海胆中，疾病暴发的总体增加。新斯科舍省的Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis复发性阿米巴病的周期性波与该系统处于贫瘠状态且频率增加的时期相吻合。相反，在1983年发生了严重的动物流行病，整个加勒比海地带的Diadema antillarum灭绝后，随后的疾病暴发高度局部化，自1991年以来就没有报告过。西北大西洋和东北太平洋的Strongylocentrotus，东部的Paracentrotus和Diadema的流行病大西洋与气候变化和海胆捕食者的过度捕捞有关。由于大型藻类状态的扩展及其通过正反馈机制的稳定作用，这些物种中复发性疾病暴发的空间范围以及与这些动物流行病相关的相移频率随着时间的推移而下降。需要进行纵向研究以监测海胆种群中的疾病暴发，并需要改进的技术来识别病原体，以评估流行病的频率和程度的变化，这种变化可以深刻影响沿海海洋生态系统的结构和功能。

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  • 来源
    《Marine biology》 |2014年第7期|1467-1485|共19页
  • 作者

    Colette J. Feehan; Robert E. Scheibling;

  • 作者单位

    Biology Department, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4J1, Canada;

    Biology Department, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NSB3H 4J1, Canada;

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