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首页> 外文期刊>Marine biology >Local adaptation of immunity against a trematode parasite in marine amphipod populations
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Local adaptation of immunity against a trematode parasite in marine amphipod populations

机译：对海洋两栖类种群中的一种吸虫寄生虫的免疫力的局部适应性

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Resources allocated to defence against parasites are not available for investment in other functions such as growth or reproduction, resulting in trade-offs between different components of an organism's fitness. In balancing the cost of infection and the cost of immunity, selection should only favour individuals that allocate more energy to resistance and immune responses in populations regularly exposed to debilitating parasites. Here, we compare the ability of amphipods, Paracalliope novizealandiae, to (1) avoid becoming infected and (2) to respond to infection by encapsulating and melanizing parasites, between two natural populations exposed to different risk of parasitism. One population faces high levels of infection by the debilitating trematode parasite Maritrema novaezealandensis, whereas the other population is not parasitised by this trematode nor by any other parasite. Under controlled experimental conditions, with exposure to a standardized dose of parasites, amphipods from the parasite-free population acquired significantly more parasites than those from the population regularly experiencing infection. Furthermore, a lower frequency of amphipods from the parasite-free population succeeded at melanizing (and thus killing) parasites, and they melanized a lower percentage of parasites on average, than amphipods from the parasitised population. These differences persist when individual factors, such as amphipod sex or body length, are taken into account as potential confounding variables. These results support the existencernof local adaptation against parasites: an amphipod population that never experiences trematode infections is less capable of resisting infection, both in terms of its first line of defence (avoiding infection) and a later line of defence (fighting parasites following infection), than a population regularly exposed to infection.
机译：分配给抵御寄生虫的资源无法用于其他功能（例如生长或繁殖）的投资，从而导致有机体适应性的不同组成部分之间的取舍。在平衡感染成本和免疫成本之间，选择只应偏向那些经常暴露于使人衰弱的寄生虫种群中为抵抗力和免疫反应分配更多能量的个体。在这里，我们比较了暴露于不同寄生虫风险的两个自然种群之间，两栖动物（新鞭毛虫）的能力（1）避免被感染和（2）通过包囊和抑制寄生虫对感染做出反应。一个种群面临着使人衰弱的吸虫寄生虫新孢子虫Maretema novaezealandensis的高水平感染，而另一种群没有被该吸虫或任何其他寄生虫寄生。在可控的实验条件下，通过暴露于标准剂量的寄生虫，无寄生虫种群的两栖类动物获得的寄生虫比定期感染的种群中的寄生虫明显多。此外，与寄生虫种群的两栖类相比，无寄生虫种群的两栖类动物发生黑斑病的频率降低（从而杀死）了寄生虫，平均而言，它们降低了寄生虫百分比。当将两栖动物的性别或体长等个体因素作为潜在的混杂变量考虑在内时，这些差异仍然存在。这些结果支持了对寄生虫的局部适应性：从未经历过吸虫感染的两栖纲种群在其第一道防线（避免感染）和第二道防线（感染后与寄生虫作战）方面抵抗感染的能力较弱。 ，而不是经常感染的人群。

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