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The Arctic pteropod Clione Hmacina: seasonal lipid dynamics and life-strategy

机译：北极翼足类动物Clione Hmacina：季节性脂质动态和生命策略

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During various seasons from May 2001 until July/August 2003, the lipid dynamics of the pteropod Clione limacina from Kongsfjorden, Svalbard, were investigated with respect to ontogenetic development and life-cycle. Polytrochous larvae, which were dominant in spring (April, May), composed the lipid-richest specimens of the population, with total lipid of about 50% of dry mass (%DM). Major lipid classes were triacylglycerols (TAG) and 1-O-alkyldiacylglycerol ethers (DAGE), accounting on average for 53.1 and 21.9% of total lipid, respectively. Until summer, larvae grew to adults by utilising their storage lipids. In July/ August, lipids were depleted to about 10%DM due to maturation and reproduction. Almost all animals in autumn (September) were mature and able to replenish their lipid deposits by accumulating DAGE (26.7%) and TAG (39.6%). This is probably the prerequisite for successful overwintering.Principal component analysis (PCA), based on the fatty acid compositions, revealed ontogenetic differences between polytrochous larvae, and small and full-grown adults. Higher proportions of 18:4(n-3) and 14:0 were found in polytrochous larvae and smaller adults during spring. Both fatty acids were highly significantly correlated with the proportions of TAG, which were used for growth and development because they are presumably easier to metabolise. PCA also divided C. limacina specimens into DAGE-rich and DAGE-poor. We suggest that DAGE are a long-term energy store and hypothesise that they are necessary during periods of food scarcity, but may also serve as an energy source for reproduction. The fatty acids 17:1(n-8), 15:0, 16:1(n-7) and 18:1(n-7) were significantly correlated with the proportion of DAGE but not with TAG. These fatty acids, which do not originate from their only prey, Limacina helicina, are synthesised de novo. Their abundance reflects an efficient lipid production by C. Hmacina. Based on the results of lipid biosynthesis and accumulation in combination with the population structure, we suggest that C. limacina has at least a 2-year life-cycle in Svalbard waters.
机译：在2001年5月至2003年7月/ 2003年的各个季节中，研究了来自斯瓦尔巴特群岛Kongsfjorden的翼足类Clione limacina的脂质动力学与个体发育和生命周期的关系。春季（4月，5月）占主导地位的多栖幼体构成了人群中脂质含量最高的标本，总脂质约为干重的50％（％DM）。主要的脂质类别是三酰基甘油（TAG）和1-O-烷基二酰基甘油醚（DAGE），分别平均占总脂质的53.1和21.9％。直到夏天，幼虫通过利用它们的储存脂质成长为成虫。在7月/ 8月，由于成熟和繁殖，脂质被消耗至约10％DM。秋季（9月）几乎所有动物都已经成熟，并能够通过积累DAGE（26.7％）和TAG（39.6％）来补充其脂质沉积。这可能是成功越冬的先决条件。基于脂肪酸组成的主成分分析（PCA）表明，多毛幼虫与成年小和成年幼虫之间的个体发育差异。在春季多毛幼虫和较小的成虫中发现较高比例的18：4（n-3）和14：0。两种脂肪酸均与TAG的比例高度相关，TAG被用于生长和发育，因为它们可能更容易代谢。 PCA还将淡水梭菌标本分为富含DAGE和缺乏DAGE的标本。我们建议DAGE是一种长期的能量存储，并假设在食物短缺期间它们是必需的，但也可以作为繁殖的能量来源。脂肪酸17：1（n-8），15：0、16：1（n-7）和18：1（n-7）与DAGE的比例显着相关，但与TAG无关。这些脂肪酸不是从它们唯一的猎物Limacina helicina衍生而来，它们是从头合成的。它们的丰度反映了C. Hmacina能有效生产脂质。基于脂质生物合成和积累以及种群结构的结果，我们建议青柠假单胞菌在斯瓦尔巴特河水中至少有2年的生命周期。

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