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Sea-ice and density-dependent factors affecting foraging habitat and behaviour of Adelie penguins throughout the breeding season

机译：海冰与密度依赖性因素影响繁殖季节居住栖息地的居住栖息地和行为

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摘要

Seabird foraging activities are constrained by the heterogeneous distribution of prey, intra-specific competition, and the varying energy requirements throughout their life history. Investigations of intra-seasonal variation in foraging habitat will, therefore, provide clues to understand how predators respond to changes in the marine environment. As an abundant, central-place foraging mesopredator, we selected to examine this with Adelie penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae) breeding in the Prydz Bay region where the sea-ice environment is heterogeneous and the largest populations in East Antarctica occur. In the summer of 2011/12, using GPS tracks, we calculated First Passage Time to extract Area Restricted Search (ARS) zones to indicate foraging intensity, and classified the ARS zones by K-means clustering. In total, 47, 64, 23 and 10 ARS zones were detected during early and late incubation, chick-guard and creche stages (n = 4, 11, 6 and 3 birds). Higher and more stable sea-ice concentration and increased distance from the nearest major colony had positive effects on foraging intensity. The ARS zones were classified into nearshore, offshore and open water habitats. Birds used offshore areas and avoided open water during early incubation and creche, when birds returned less frequently. During late incubation and chick-guard, when birds frequently returned, they used nearshore and open water areas as expected from the proportion of available habitats. Our results suggest that the pack ice and reduced intra-specific competition for prey were the preferred foraging condition for Adelie penguins, and highlight the importance of seasonal changes in sea-ice environment to their foraging habitat selectivity.
机译：Seabird觅食活动受到猎物，特定竞争的异质分布和在整个生命历史中的不同能源要求的限制。因此，调查季节性栖息地的季节性变化将提供关于捕食者如何应对海洋环境的变化的线索。作为一个丰富的中央觅食中，我们选择与Adelie Penguins（Pygoscelis Adeliae）育种，在海冰环境是异质的，东南极洲的最大种群发生在普利德兹湾地区。在2011/12的夏天，使用GPS轨道，我们计算了第一次通过时间来提取区域受限搜索（ARS）区域以指示觅食强度，并通过K-Means聚类分类ARS区域。在早期和晚期孵育，小鸡 - 保护和CRECHE阶段（n = 4,11,6和3只鸟）中检测到总共47,64,23和10个ARS区域。较高且稳定的海冰浓度和距离最近的主要菌落的距离增加对觅食强度产生了积极的影响。 ARS区分为近岸，海上和开放水栖息地。鸟类在早期孵化期间使用海上地区，避免了开阔的水，当鸟类往往频繁恢复时。在迟到的孵化和小鸡卫队期间，当鸟类经常返回时，他们使用了近岸和开放的水域，从而预期的可用栖息地的比例。我们的研究结果表明，包装冰并降低了特定的猎物竞争是阿德利企鹅的首选觅食条件，并突出了海冰环境季节变化对觅食栖息地选择性的重要性。

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  • 来源
    《Marine biology》 |2021年第7期|97.1-97.22|共22页
  • 作者

    Kokubun Nobuo; Emmerson Louise; McInnes Julie; Wienecke Barbara; Southwell Colin;

  • 作者单位

    Australian Antarctic Div 203 Channel Highway Kingston Tas 7050 Australia|Natl Inst Polar Res 10-3 Midori Cho Tokyo 1908518 Japan;

    Australian Antarctic Div 203 Channel Highway Kingston Tas 7050 Australia;

    Australian Antarctic Div 203 Channel Highway Kingston Tas 7050 Australia|Univ Tasmania Inst Marine & Antarctic Studies Private Bag 129 Hobart Tas 7001 Australia;

    Australian Antarctic Div 203 Channel Highway Kingston Tas 7050 Australia;

    Australian Antarctic Div 203 Channel Highway Kingston Tas 7050 Australia;

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