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Climatic effects on breeding seabirds of the northern Japan Sea

机译：气候对日本北部海域繁殖海鸟的影响

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Seabirds as marine top predators have been put forth as reliable indicators of ecosystem change. To understand climate-ecosystem change in the northern Japan Sea, we studied the timing of breeding, chick diets, and breeding success of 3 seabird species almost continuously over 26 yr on Teuri Island, 1984 through 2009. Key climate drivers in this region are: (1) westerly winter winds that cool the atmosphere and the ocean and (2) the northward flowing Tsushima Current (TC) that warms the ocean in late spring and summer. Chick diet showed decadal changes in coastal pelagic fish, with a switch from sardine Sardinops melanostictus to anchovy Engraulis japonicus in the late 1980s corresponding to intensification of the TC. There were no long-term trends in the timing of breeding or breeding success of rhinoceros auklet Cerorhinca monocerata and Japanese cormorant Phalacrocorax filamentosus, but these variables were affected by interannual variation in spring air and sea temperatures, as well as the timing of TC warm water intrusions within the foraging range (-60 km from the colony) of the birds. Effects include: (1) freezing of the breeding grounds by winter winds limiting access to nesting grounds and (2) availability of anchovy and sandlance Ammodytes personatus affecting chick diet, growth, and breeding success. We did not detect relationships between chlorophyll a concentrations and the availability of prey species. The timing and success of black-tailed gulls Larus crassirostris, which fed mainly on sandlance, however, could not be explained by these factors. Our study indicates potential links between the Pacific Decadal Oscillation index and the flow rate of the TC, and between the Arctic Oscillation index and local wind stress, and suggests that broad-scale atmospheric pressure fields influence local weather, oceanography, and seabirds indirectly through changes in prey availability.
机译：作为海洋顶级捕食者的海鸟已被提出作为生态系统变化的可靠指标。为了了解日本北部海域的气候生态系统变化，我们研究了1984年至2009年在Teuri岛上26年间几乎连续3种海鸟的繁殖时间，雏鸡的饮食以及繁殖成功。该地区的主要气候驱动因素是： （1）寒冷的冬季风使大气和海洋冷却，（2）向北流动的对马海流（TC）在春季和夏季的晚些时候使海洋变暖。雏鸡的饮食显示沿海中上层鱼类的年代际变化，在1980年代后期从沙丁鱼Sardinops melanostictus变为an鱼Engraulis japonicus，这与TC的增强相对应。独角犀和日本Japanese的繁殖时间或繁殖成功率没有长期趋势，但这些变量受春季空气和海水温度的年际变化以及TC温水时间的影响。入侵鸟类的觅食范围（距离殖民地-60公里）。其影响包括：（1）冬季风将繁殖地冻结，限制了进入筑巢地的通行；（2）cho鱼和沙矛线虫的可利用性影响了雏鸡的饮食，生长和繁殖成功。我们没有检测到叶绿素a浓度与猎物种类之间的关系。黑尾鸥（Larus crassirostris）的授时和成功主要以沙矛鱼为食，但无法用这些因素来解释。我们的研究表明，太平洋年代际振荡指数与TC流量之间以及北极振荡指数与局部风应力之间存在潜在的联系，并表明广泛的大气压力场通过变化间接影响当地的天气，海洋学和海鸟在猎物的可用性。

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