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Fine-scale prey aggregations and foraging ecology of humpback whales Megaptera novaeangliae

机译：座头鲸Megaptera novaeangliae的小规模捕食团聚和觅食生态

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Analyses of the foraging behavior of large cetaceans have generally focused on either correlations with environmental conditions at regional scales or observations of surface behavior. We employed a novel approach combining multi-scale analyses of simultaneous environmental conditions, surface and subsurface humpback whale Megaptera novaeangliae movements, and sand lance Ammodytes spp. prey aggregations in the Gulf of Maine, USA. At the fine scale (<1 km), digital tags recorded whale movement and behavior in 3 dimensions. Concurrent synoptic prey data were collected using EK60 echosounders with simultaneous surface measurements of temperature and relative fluorescence within 1 km of the tagged whale. A geospatial analysis of environmental features and foraging patterns was conducted at the regional, seascape scale (～10 km). At the seascape scale, we found: (1) a negative relationship between relative fluorescence and sand lance density; (2) a positive relationship between predator surface feeding, presumed sand lance density, and sand bottom types near high-slope edges; (3) a cyclical relationship for predator surface-feeding likelihood and prey density with tidal height; and (4) an observed temporal lag between peak prey density and predator surface-feeding likelihood. At the fine scale, we found that: (1) time of day was the most important factor in predicting whether a whale was feeding when it surfaced; and (2) surface feeding occurred more often around more dense, vertically distributed schools of prey. Multiscale and multi-trophic level studies are an important component in understanding the foraging ecology of top predators in marine systems.
机译：大型鲸类的觅食行为分析通常集中于与区域规模的环境条件的相关性或对表面行为的观察。我们采用了一种新颖的方法，该方法结合了对同时发生的环境条件，地表和地下座头鲸Megaptera novaeangliae运动以及长矛沙门菌Ammodytes spp的多尺度分析。美国缅因湾的猎物聚集。在小规模（<1 km），数字标签在3个维度上记录了鲸鱼的运动和行为。使用EK60回声测深仪收集并发天气概要猎物数据，同时对贴有鲸鱼的1 km内的温度和相对荧光进行表面测量。在区域海景规模（〜10 km）内对环境特征和觅食模式进行了地理空间分析。在海景尺度上，我们发现：（1）相对荧光与喷枪密度之间呈负相关； （2）掠食者的表面给料，假定的喷枪密度和高边坡附近的砂底类型之间呈正相关关系； （3）捕食者摄食的可能性和潮汐高度与猎物密度的周期性关系； （4）观测到的峰值猎物密度与掠食者表面觅食可能性之间的时间滞后。从精细的角度来看，我们发现：（1）一天中的时间是预测鲸鱼浮出水面时是否在觅食的最重要因素； （2）在更密集，垂直分布的猎物群周围更经常发生表面觅食。多尺度和多营养水平的研究是了解海洋系统中顶级捕食者觅食生态的重要组成部分。

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