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Paradigm shifts in community ecology: Open versus closed units, challenges and limits of connectivity studies

机译：社区生态学的范式转变：开放与封闭的单位，连通性研究的挑战和局限性

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Due to the presence of the complex life cycles involving a benthic adult and a pelagic larval phase, the study of benthic community dynamics cannot ignore investigations of the processes occurring in the water column. Current investigations focus mainly on larval dispersal from an evolutionary and a biogeographic perspective, taking into account also population connectivity, conservation planning and coastal management. In the present paper we underline the need to improve knowledge of the main traits of marine invertebrate life cycles, highlighting the limits and challenges of current approaches. Firstly, we summarized the changing approaches within community studies, following the paradigm shifts found in recent marine ecological research, from supply-side ecology to connectivity, and involving the concepts of open and closed populations. Secondly, we analysed the main larval traits influencing dispersal, paying particular attention to pelagic larval duration in light of the few available data for connectivity studies. The difficulty in estimating many of the main traits of larval ecology make numerical simulation fundamental for a better understanding of the relationship between propagule dispersal and seawater dynamics, both being highly variable. We conclude that some essential biological information is still lacking for the proper integration of the modeling approaches. Thus it is necessary to further investigate the life-cycle traits and physiological and ecological characteristics of each species, an approach known as autecology or natural history. All too frequently modern ecologists ignore such reductionist approaches, although they are essential for a full understanding of processes, such as connectivity and metapopulation dynamics.
机译：由于存在涉及底栖成虫和上层幼体阶段的复杂生命周期，对底栖动物群落动力学的研究不能忽视对水柱中发生的过程的研究。当前的研究主要从进化和生物地理学的角度着重于幼虫的扩散，同时也考虑到了人口连通性，保护规划和沿海管理。在本文中，我们强调需要提高对海洋无脊椎动物生命周期主要特征的认识，强调当前方法的局限性和挑战。首先，我们总结了社区研究中不断变化的方法，这些方法是根据最近的海洋生态研究中发现的范式转变，从供给侧生态学到连通性，并涉及开放和封闭种群的概念。其次，我们分析了影响散布的主要幼虫性状，并根据少数可用于连通性研究的数据，特别关注上层幼体的持续时间。估算幼虫生态系统许多主要特征的困难使数值模拟成为更好地了解繁殖力扩散与海水动力学之间关系的基础，因为两者都是高度可变的。我们得出结论，建模方法的正确整合仍缺少一些必要的生物学信息。因此，有必要进一步研究每种物种的生命周期特征以及生理和生态特征，这种方法被称为自律学或自然史。尽管现代生态学家对于全面了解过程（例如连通性和种群动态）至关重要，但它们常常忽略了这种简化论方法。

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