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Assessment of the effectiveness of natural coral fragmentation as a dispersal mechanism for coral reef-boring sponges

机译：评估天然珊瑚破碎作为珊瑚礁海绵扩散机制的有效性

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Eastern Pacific reefs are mostly made up of interlocking coral branches of Pocillopora, which are easily broken by physical forces associated with heavy swells and winds. In this study we investigated the potential of these coral fragments to enable propagation of boring sponges. For this, we quantified the frequency of occurrence and diversity of boring sponges in fragments of corals recently trapped among the branches of live colonies, and later tested the hypothesis that these sponges colonize new branches of corals. Nearly 80% of the coral colonies investigated had coral fragments among their branches, and 69% of these coral fragments contained boring sponges (11 species), some of these sponges in reproduction (23% of them carried oocytes). To test whether sponges inhabiting coral fragments could colonize new branching corals we transplanted them to healthy branches, and to branches whose living tissue was mechanically eliminated to simulate damage produced by grazing and death after bleaching and other causes of coral tissue mortality. All the transplanted coral fragments cemented to each new colony by means of calcification, and of the three sponge species tested (Cliona vermifera, Cliona tropicalis and Thoosa mismalolli) only C.vermifera was able to colonize both new living branches (26.9%) and cleaned branches (65.5%). The apparent capability of C.vermifera to colonize by direct contact may be another key ability of this species to maintain high frequency of occurrence in Pacific coral reefs. However, although C.tropicalis and T.mismalolli were not able to colonize new coral substrata by direct contact, coral fragments have the potential to contribute to local persistence of these sponges and to their dispersal, both by asexual (fragments) and sexual means (transport of sexual products). The present findings may partly explain the current increase of excavating sponges on deteriorating reefs with a large availability of dead branching corals.
机译：东太平洋珊瑚礁主要由互锁的Pocillopora珊瑚分支组成，很容易被与大浪和大风有关的物理力折断。在这项研究中，我们调查了这些珊瑚碎片使无聊的海绵繁殖的潜力。为此，我们量化了最近困在活菌落分支之间的珊瑚碎片中无聊海绵的发生频率和多样性，并随后检验了这些海绵定居在珊瑚新分支上的假说。被调查的珊瑚群落中有近80％的树枝间有珊瑚碎片，其中69％的珊瑚含有无聊的海绵（11种），其中一些海绵正在繁殖（其中23％带有卵母细胞）。为了测试居住在珊瑚碎片上的海绵是否可以在新的分支珊瑚上定植，我们将它们移植到健康的树枝上，并移植到机械去除了其活组织的树枝上，以模拟漂白后放牧和死亡以及其他导致珊瑚组织死亡的原因。所有移植的珊瑚碎片都通过钙化作用粘结到每个新的菌落上，并且在测试的三种海绵物种中（Cionona vermifera，Clionatropicis和Thoosa mismalolli），只有C.vermifera能够在两个新的活枝上定殖并进行清洁分行（65.5％）。 C.vermifera通过直接接触定殖的明显能力可能是该物种维持太平洋珊瑚礁高发频率的另一个关键能力。然而，尽管C.tropicalis和T.mismalolli无法通过直接接触在新的珊瑚基质中定殖，但是珊瑚碎片有可能通过无性（碎片）和有性手段促进这些海绵的局部持久性及其扩散（性用品的运输）。目前的发现可能部分解释了在不断恶化的珊瑚礁上开挖海绵的数量增加，以及大量死去的分支珊瑚。

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