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Anthropogenic structures and the infiltration of natural benthos by invasive ascidians

机译：人为结构和侵入性海鞘对天然底栖生物的渗透

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Anthropogenic habitats such as marinas and docks are focal points for marine invasions, but relatively little is known about the infiltration of nearby natural habitats by these invaders. To address infiltration by four geographically widespread ascidian invaders, we used a two-step approach: (i) a field survey with equitable sampling in adjacent artificial and natural habitats in British Columbia, Canada, and (ii) a literature review, to infer larger scale patterns across species' introduced global ranges. Our field survey revealed differential distribution patterns among the four ascidians recorded, with infiltration of natural rocky habitats by two species, Botrylloides violaceus and Botryllus schlosseri. We did not record Didemnum vexillum or Styela clava in natural habitats, though they were both recorded on adjacent artificial structures. Globally, these ascidian species are predominantly found associated with anthropogenic habitats including floating docks, pilings and aquaculture installations, but they have infiltrated natural habitats in some areas of their introduced range. The factors contributing to infiltration of nearby natural benthic habitats remains unclear, but determining which mechanisms are important for encouraging or hindering the establishment and spread of nonindigenous species beyond artificial structures requires survey and experimental work beyond anthropogenic habitats. Such work will aid our understanding of marine introduction dynamics, invasiveness, and associated management implications.
机译：诸如码头和码头等人为栖息地是海洋入侵的焦点，但对于这些入侵者对附近自然栖息地的渗透知之甚少。为了解决四个地理上广泛的海侵入侵者的渗入问题，我们采用了两步方法：（i）在加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚省的相邻人工和自然栖息地中进行公平采样的野外调查，以及（ii）文献综述以推断更大的物种引入的全球范围的尺度模式。我们的实地调查揭示了记录的四个海生动物之间的差异分布模式，天然岩石栖息地被Botrylloides violaceus和Botryllus schlosseri这两个物种渗透。尽管没有记录在自然栖息地中的Diememnum vexillum或Styela熔岩，但它们都记录在相邻的人工结构上。在全球范围内，主要发现这些海鞘物种与人为栖息地有关，包括浮船坞，打桩和水产养殖设施，但它们已在其引进范围的某些区域渗透到自然栖息地。尚不清楚导致附近自然底栖生境渗透的因素，但是要确定哪种机制对于鼓励或阻碍非本地物种在人工结构之外的建立和传播很重要，则需要在人为生境之外进行调查和实验工作。此类工作将有助于我们了解海洋引入动态，侵袭性以及相关的管理含义。

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