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Scales of habitat heterogeneity and megabenthos biodiversity on an extensive Australian continental margin (100-1100 m depths)

机译：澳大利亚大陆边缘（100-1100 m深度）的栖息地异质性和大型底栖生物的规模

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摘要

The first large systematic collection of benthic invertebrate megafauna from the Australian continental margin (depths > 100 m) revealed high species richness and novelty on the south-western continental slope (～100-1100 m depth; ～18° S-35° S). A total of 1979 morphologically defined species was discriminated in seven taxa across all samples: Demospongiae, Decapoda, corals (Octo-corallia and Antipatharia), Mollusca, Echinodermata, Ascidiacea, and Pycnogonida. Collectively, 59% were estimated to be new or unnamed species. The distribution pattern of megafaunal communities, analysed with a suite of 17 physical covariates, was most influenced at large spatial scales (>100s km) by bottom temperature, oxygen concentration and latitude, whereas at smaller scales (10s of km), seabed type was most influential. Many covariates are driven by the same physical processes and are correlated (e.g. to depth or latitude), thus it is not possible to ascribe causal relationships to fauna distributions. However, their identification highlights the spatial scales that determine the composition of megafaunal communities. Regional-scale transitions in bottom temperature and oxygen concentration are determined by water masses and currents that interact with the south-western margin seabed in different ways depending on location. The nested, smaller-scale heterogeneity of seabed type, classified simply as 'hard' or 'soft' terrain, differentiates consolidated attachment sites for sessile fauna from sediments suited to mobile and burrowing fauna. Different physical factors affect the distribution of benthic fauna at different scales. Collectively, these patterns of heterogeneity can be represented in a hierarchical framework that consists of biogeographic provinces, biomes, biogeomorphic features, terrains, and finer scales. The Australian government is using a hierarchical approach to identify bioregions for management purposes; a key aim is to ensure that a National Representative System of Marine Protected Areas (NRSMPA) will meet the requirement of comprehensiveness, adequacy and representativeness. Important findings from this study are that the provincial structure of invertebrate megabenthos broadly aligns with the provincial structure derived earlier from the distribution of fishes, but there are differences in the distribution of individual major taxa at both provincial and megahabitat scales. Representative coverage of rarer taxa or narrowly distributed taxa might not be feasible at the same time as ensuring main fauna groups are adequately represented. The hierarchical scales of heterogeneity of the megabenthos in this area, the differences between taxa, and the high proportion of apparently rare species make it clear that it will be as important to manage the area outside the NRSMPA as to manage the NRSMPA itself. Management will be required at different scales that correspond to the multi-scale spatial heterogeneity of continental margin fauna.
机译：来自澳大利亚大陆边缘（深度> 100 m）的底栖无脊椎动物大型动物的第一个大型系统性采集显示，西南大陆斜坡（〜100-1100 m深度；〜18°S-35°S）具有较高的物种丰富度和新颖性。 。在所有样本中的七个分类单元中，共有1979种形态学上被区分的物种：pon蒲，十足目，珊瑚（Octo-corallia和Antipatharia），软体动物，棘皮动物，Ascidiacea和Pycnogonida。总体而言，估计有59％是新物种或未命名物种。巨型动物群落的分布模式，用一组17个物理协变量进行分析，在较大的空间尺度（> 100s km）受底部温度，氧气浓度和纬度的影响最大，而在较小的尺度（10s km），海床类型的影响最大。最有影响力的。许多协变量由相同的物理过程驱动并相互关联（例如，与深度或纬度相关），因此不可能将因果关系归因于动物分布。但是，它们的识别突出了决定大型动物群落组成的空间尺度。底部温度和氧气浓度的区域尺度转变取决于与西南边缘海底相互作用的水团和洋流，具体取决于位置。简单，归类为“硬”或“软”地形的嵌套，较小规模的海底类型异质性，将无柄动植物的固结附着点与适于活动和挖洞动植物的沉积物区分开。不同的物理因素影响底栖动物在不同尺度上的分布。总的来说，这些异质性模式可以在由生物地理省，生物群落，生物地貌特征，地形和更小尺度组成的分层框架中表示。澳大利亚政府正在使用分级方法来识别用于管理目的的生物区域。一个主要目标是确保国家海洋保护区代表制度（NRSMPA）能够满足全面性，充分性和代表性的要求。这项研究的重要发现是，无脊椎动物大型底栖动物的省级结构与早期从鱼类分布中得出的省级结构基本一致，但是在省级和大型栖息地规模上，单个主要分类群的分布存在差异。在确保主要动物群得到充分代表的同时，稀有分类群或分布较窄的分类群的代表性报道可能不可行。该区域大型底栖动物的异质性等级规模，分类单元之间的差异以及明显稀有物种的高比例表明，管理NRSMPA之外的区域与管理NRSMPA本身一样重要。将需要按照与大陆边缘动物的多尺度空间异质性相对应的不同尺度进行管理。

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