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The roles of habitat heterogeneity in generating and maintaining biodiversity on continental margins: an introduction

机译：栖息地异质性在大陆边缘产生和维持生物多样性中的作用：简介

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摘要

The continental margins, regarded here as the ribbon of sea floor from 200 to 4000 m water depth between the shelf and the abyss, offer some of the most variable terrain in the ocean. This relatively narrow zone, which accounts for about 15% of the seabed, exhibits extreme topographical heterogeneity, sharp environmental gradients, and tectonic activity that together create habitat for a vast assortment of biological communities (Levin et al. 2001). Canyons, vertical walls, banks, ridges, mounds, swales and gulleys criss-cross broad flat slopes (Wefer et al. 2002). Some of these features receive exceptional inputs of floodwaters, macrophytic detritus, suspended organic matter and debris from massive river inflows and long-shore transport. Others are squeezed by subduction or jolted by tectonic activity, triggering turbidity flows and forcing the efflux of reduced fluids that fuel chemo-synthetic (seep) ecosystems. Multiple water masses with distinct hydrographic characteristics flow over and across the margins, often stratifying the water column like a layer cake. On some margins, naturally hypoxic waters smother the seabed at mid-bathyal depths (Helly & Levin 2004). Where flow, food, or chemical conditions are suitable, structure-forming biological assemblages thrive, generating additional heterogeneity. In combination, the margins comprise some of the most heterogeneous and dynamic real estate on the planet.
机译：大陆边缘在这里被认为是架子和深渊之间水深200至4000 m的海床的丝带，提供了海洋中变化最大的一些地形。这个相对狭窄的区域，约占海床的15％，表现出极端的地形异质性，急剧的环境梯度和构造活动，共同为各种各样的生物群落创造了栖息地（Levin等人，2001）。峡谷，垂直墙，河岸，山脊，丘陵，沼泽和沟壑纵横交错的宽阔平坦斜坡（Wefer等，2002）。其中一些功能获得了洪水，大型植物碎屑，悬浮有机物和大量河水流入和长距离运输产生的碎屑的大量投入。其他的则被俯冲所挤压或被构造活动所震撼，触发了浑浊的水流并迫使还原液外流，从而为化学合成（深层）生态系统提供了动力。具有独特水文特征的多个水团流过和穿越边缘，通常像层状蛋糕一样分层水柱。在某些边缘，自然缺氧的水淹没了海底深处的海床（Helly＆Levin 2004）。在适合流动，食物或化学条件的地方，形成结构的生物组合会蓬勃发展，从而产生更多的异质性。总的来说，边际包括地球上一些最异构和动态的不动产。

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  • 来源
    《Marine ecology》 |2010年第1期|1-5|共5页
  • 作者

    Lisa A. Levin; Myriam Sibuet; Andrew J. Gooday; Craig R. Smith; Ann Vanreusel;

  • 作者单位

    Integrative Oceanography Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA, USA;

    rnInstitut Oceanographique, Fondation Albert 1er,Paris, France;

    rnNational Oceanography Centre, Southampton,European Way, Southampton, UK;

    rnSOEST, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA;

    rnMarine Biology Research Group,Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium;

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