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Losses in ferroelectric materials

机译：铁电材料的损失

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摘要

Ferroelectric materials are the best dielectric and piezoelectric materials known today. Since the discovery of barium titanate in the 1940s, lead zirconate titanate ceramics in the 1950s and relaxor-PT single crystals (such as lead magnesium niobate-lead titanate and lead zinc niobate-lead titanate) in the 1980s and 1990s, perovskite ferroelectric materials have been the dominating piezoelectric materials for electromechanical devices, and are widely used in sensors, actuators and ultrasonic transducers. Energy losses (or energy dissipation) in ferroelectrics are one of the most critical issues for high power devices, such as therapeutic ultrasonic transducers, large displacement actuators, SONAR projectors, and high frequency medical imaging transducers. The losses of ferroelectric materials have three distinct types, i.e., elastic, piezoelectric and dielectric losses. People have been investigating the mechanisms of these losses and are trying hard to control and minimize them so as to reduce performance degradation in electromechanical devices. There are impressive progresses made in the past several decades on this topic, but some confusions still exist. Therefore, a systematic review to define related concepts and clear up confusions is urgently in need. With this objective in mind, we provide here a comprehensive review on the energy losses in ferroelectrics, including related mechanisms, characterization techniques and collections of published data on many ferroelectric materials to provide a useful resource for interested scientists and engineers to design electromechanical devices and to gain a global perspective on the complex physical phenomena involved. More importantly, based on the analysis of available information, we proposed a general theoretical model to describe the inherent relationships among elastic, dielectric, piezoelectric and mechanical losses. For multi-domain ferroelectric single crystals and ceramics, intrinsic and extrinsic energy loss mechanisms are discussed in terms of compositions, crystal structures, temperature, domain configurations, domain sizes and grain boundaries. The intrinsic and extrinsic contributions to the total energy dissipation are quantified. In domain engineered ferroelectric single crystals and ceramics, polarization rotations, domain wall motions and mechanical wave scatterings at grain boundaries are believed to control the mechanical quality factors of piezoelectric resonators. We show that a thorough understanding on the kinetic processes is critical in analyzing energy loss behavior and other time-dependent properties in ferroelectric materials. At the end of the review, existing challenges in the study and control of losses in ferroelectric materials are analyzed, and future perspective in resolving these issues is discussed.
机译：铁电材料是当今已知的最好的电介质和压电材料。自从1940年代发现钛酸钡，1950年代的钛酸锆钛酸铅陶瓷和1980年代和1990年代的弛张PT单晶（例如铌酸铅镁-钛酸铅和铌酸锌锌-铅钛酸铅）以来，钙钛矿铁电材料就具有一直是机电设备中主要的压电材料，并广泛用于传感器，执行器和超声换能器。铁电中的能量损失（或能量耗散）是高功率设备（如治疗用超声换能器，大位移促动器，SONAR投影仪和高频医学成像换能器）的最关键问题之一。铁电材料的损耗具有三种不同的类型，即弹性，压电和介电损耗。人们一直在研究这些损耗的机理，并努力控制和最小化它们，以减少机电设备的性能下降。在过去的几十年中，有关此主题的工作取得了令人瞩目的进展，但仍然存在一些困惑。因此，迫切需要进行系统的审查以定义相关概念并消除混淆。考虑到这一目标，我们在此对铁电材料的能量损失进行全面回顾，包括相关的机理，表征技术以及许多铁电材料上已发布数据的收集，为感兴趣的科学家和工程师提供有用的资源，以设计机电设备，并全面了解所涉及的复杂物理现象。更重要的是，基于对可用信息的分析，我们提出了一个通用的理论模型来描述弹性，介电，压电和机械损耗之间的固有关系。对于多畴铁电单晶和陶瓷，从成分，晶体结构，温度，畴构型，畴尺寸和晶界的角度讨论了本征和非本征能量损失机理。量化了对总能量耗散的内在和外在贡献。在畴工程铁电单晶和陶瓷中，极化旋转，畴壁运动和晶界处的机械波散射被认为可控制压电谐振器的机械品质因数。我们表明，对动力学过程的透彻了解对于分析铁电材料中的能量损失行为和其他随时间变化的特性至关重要。在本文的最后，分析了铁电材料损耗研究和控制中的现有挑战，并讨论了解决这些问题的未来前景。

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  • 来源
    《Materials Science & Engineering》 |2015年第3期|1-48|共48页
  • 作者

    Gang Liu; Shujun Zhang; Wenhua Jiang; Wenwu Cao;

  • 作者单位

    Condensed Matter Science and Technology Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China,Department of Mathematics and Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University,University Park, PA 16802, USA,Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Shanghai 201203, China;

    Department of Mathematics and Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University,University Park, PA 16802, USA;

    Department of Mathematics and Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University,University Park, PA 16802, USA;

    Condensed Matter Science and Technology Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China,Department of Mathematics and Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University,University Park, PA 16802, USA,Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA;

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  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类
  • 关键词

    Energy dissipation; Energy loss; Quality factor; Ferroelectrics; Piezoelectric; Dielectric;

    机译：能量耗散;能量损失;品质因数;铁电;压电电介质;

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