From Intelligence to Rationality of Minds and Machines in Contemporary Society: The Sciences of Design and the Role of Information

Gonzalez Wenceslao J.

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From Intelligence to Rationality of Minds and Machines in Contemporary Society: The Sciences of Design and the Role of Information

机译：从智力到现代社会中机器的理性：设计科学和信息的作用

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The presence of intelligence and rationality in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and the Internet requires a new context of analysis in which Herbert Simon's approach to the sciences of the artificial is surpassed in order to grasp the role of information in our contemporary setting. This new framework requires taking into account some relevant aspects. (i) In the historical endeavor of building up AI and the Internet, minds and machines have interacted over the years and in many ways through the interrelation between scientific creativity and technological innovation. (ii) Philosophically, minds and machines can have epistemological, methodological and ontological differences, which are based on the distinct configuration of human intelligence and artificial intelligence. Their comparison with rationality and its various forms is particularly relevant. (iii) Scientifically, AI and the Internet belong to the sciences of the artificial, because they work on designs that search for specific aims, following selected processes in order to achieve expected results. (iv) Technologically, AI and the Internet require the support of information and communication technologies (ICT). These have an instrumental role regarding the existence of AI and the Internet. Also ICT shape their diverse forms of configuration over the years.

机译：人工智能（AI）和互联网中智能和理性的存在要求新的分析环境，在这种环境中，赫伯特·西蒙（Herbert Simon）超越了人工科学的方法，以掌握信息在我们当代环境中的作用。这个新框架需要考虑一些相关方面。（i）在建立AI和Internet的历史性努力中，多年来，人们的思想和机器通过科学创造力和技术创新之间的相互关系进行了互动。（ii）在哲学上，思想和机器可以具有认识论，方法论和本体论上的差异，这些差异基于人类智能和人工智能的独特配置。它们与理性及其各种形式的比较特别重要。（iii）从科学上讲，人工智能和互联网属于人工科学，因为它们致力于设计，这些设计遵循选定的过程来寻求特定的目标，以实现预期的结果。（iv）从技术上讲，人工智能和互联网需要信息和通信技术的支持。这些对于AI和Internet的存在具有重要作用。多年来，ICT也影响着他们多样化的配置形式。

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《Minds and Machines》 |2017年第3期|397-424|共28页
作者
Gonzalez Wenceslao J.;
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作者单位

Univ A Coruna, Campus Ferrol, Ferrol, Spain;

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正文语种 eng
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关键词
Intelligence; Rationality; Minds; Machines; Contemporary; Society; Sciences; Design; Role; Information;

机译：智力;理性;思维;机器;当代;社会;科学;设计;角色;信息;

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1. Interface and Mind - A "Paper Lecture" about a Domain-Specific Design Methodology based on Contemporary Mind Science [J] . W. Bradford Paley Information Technology . 2009,第3期

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2. Contemporary Scientists Discuss the Need for Openness and Open-Mindedness in Science and Society [J] . Mulhall Pamela J., Smith Dorothy V., Hart Christina E., Research in science education . 2017,第5期

机译：当代科学家讨论了对科学和社会开放和开放性的必要性
3. Feeling our way to machine minds: People's emotions when perceiving mind in artificial intelligence [J] . Shank Daniel B., Graves Christopher, Gott Alexander, Computers in Human Behavior . 2019,第SEPa期

机译：感受机器思维的方式：人们在人工智能中感知思维时的情绪
4. Long Live Design Science Research! .... and Remind Me Again About Whether It Is a New Research Paradigm or a Rationale of Last Resort for Worthwhile Research That Doesn't Fit Under Any Other Umbrella [C] . Allen S. Lee, Steve Alter, Mike Chiasson, International conference on information systems . 2012

机译：设计科学研究万岁！ ....并再次提醒我这是一种新的研究范式还是不适合任何其他伞的值得进行的研究的万不得已的理由
5. THE HUMAN PROBLEMS OF TECHNOLOGICAL SOCIETY: AN INQUIRY INTO THE NATURE OF ROLE RATIONALIZATION, FORMATION OF COLLECTIVE INTELLIGENCE AND SYSTEM LEARNING IN A COMMUNICATION STRUCTURE. [D] . TESCHENDORF, MELVIN CARL. 1976

机译：技术社会的人类问题：在通信结构中角色合理化的本质，集体智慧的形成和系统学习的探讨。
6. Role of Respiration in Mind-Body Practices: Concepts from Contemporary Science and Traditional Yoga Texts [O] . Shirley Telles, Nilkamal Singh, Acharya Balkrishna 2014

机译：呼吸在身心练习中的作用：来自现代科学和传统瑜伽文本的概念
7. Decision-making is the process of analyzing information about a problem situation and comparing it to a specific conclusion in order to solve a specific problematic (Yıkılmaz, 2001; Miller and Byrnes, 2001). Decision-making styles are a mechanism that is influenced by the internal and external conditions that determine the direction of the decisions of the individual, the content of the decision-making process, and the outcome of the decision-making process (Payne, Bettman and Johson, 1993; Bavol’ár and Orosová, 2015). ACT is a contemporary member of the Cognitive Behavioral Therapy family. ACT (Acceptance and commitment therapy) has both similar and different directions with Behavioral Therapies and Cognitive Therapies (Herbet and Forman, 2011; Hayes, 2004). KKT responds to classical behavioral treatments using both existential and cognitive approaches in the analysis of behavior. KKT is a science wing that tries to solve human problems with a wider perspective aimed at solving problematic human behaviors (Plumb, Stewart, Dahl and Lundgren, 2009). It is seen that there is very little research about the new approach of ACT approach when the aiming country of our country is screened and it is thought that our country will contribute to the field of psychological counseling with the work done. In the scope of the research, experimental and control groups and preliminary test, post-test and follow-up measurements of 2x3 experimental design were used. The study's study group consists of a total of 24 (12 experimental and 12 control groups) university students studying in different departments and levels, continuing their education in the academic year of 2015-2016 in Ağrı province and İbrahim Chechen University in 2015-2016 academic year. The average age of participants in the experiment and control group is 20. There were 12 participants in the experimental group, 7 female and 5 male, and 12 participants, 7 female and 5 male in the control group. Personal Information Form and Decision Making Style Scale prepared by the researcher were used in the research. In order to decide on the tests to be used in the course of analyzing the data, the scores of the participant's Decision Styles Scale pre-test, which are placed primarily in the experimental and control groups, it was analyzed whether the basic expectations of parametric tests were answered. As a result of the analysis made, the scores, skewness and kurtosis coefficients obtained from the Decision Making Styles Scale were given to the experimental and control groups. It was determined that the distribution was normal in the result of Shapiro-Wilk test, in which the skewness and kurtosis coefficients of each sub-scale were ranked between -1 and +1. Participants in the experimental and control groups; homogeneity test results for decision-style pre-test measurements indicate that the data are homogeneous. According to the results of the Mauchly Globalness Test, it has been determined that working supports the hypothesis. It was determined that there was no significant difference between the pre-test scores obtained from dependent decision-making style of experiment and control groups, but the test group showed lower mean scores at the significant level within the scores of post-test and follow-up tests. Therefore, it can be said that the ACT-oriented psychoeducation program applied to the experimental group reduces the dependent decision-making style scores from the decision style sub-dimensions and the psychoeducation program has a lasting effect. It was determined that there was no significant difference between pre-test, post-test and follow-up scores obtained from the Spontaneous-Instant Decision Style of experiment and control groups. Thus, it can be said that this situation does not cause a significant difference in the Spontaneous-Decision-Making Style scores from the decision style sub-dimensions of the ACT-oriented psychoeducation program applied to the experimental group. The ACT -oriented psychoeducation program had a decline in the intuitive decision-making styles of the individuals, but this decrease did not create significant differences. Thus, it can be said that this situation does not make a meaningful difference in the intuitive decision style scores from the decision style sub-dimensions of the KKT oriented psychoeducation program applied to the experimental group. The pre-test scores obtained from the rational decision-making style of the experimental and control groups showed that there was a difference between the post-test and the follow-up scores, but this difference was not significant. As a result of the analysis, it was determined that the test group had higher levels of rational decision style than the pre - test scores in the post test and follow - up scores, whereas the post test and follow - up test scores in the control group rational decision style showed a decrease compared to the pre - test scores. the pre - test scores. Decision-making Styles Scale Avoidant Decision Making As a result of the analysis of the mean scores of the subscale scores of pre-test, post-test and follow-up measures, the group effect was found to be insignificant. It was determined that the experimental and control groups differed significantly from the pre-test scores obtained from the avoidant decision-making style but did not show any significant change within the scores of the post-test and follow-up tests. [O] . mustafa ercengiz, ali haydar şar 2018

机译：决策是分析有关问题情况的信息并将其与特定结论进行比较的过程，以解决特定的问题（Yıkılmaz，2001; Miller和Byrnes，2001）。决策风格是一种机制，受到内部和外部条件的影响，确定个人决定的方向，决策过程的内容以及决策过程的结果（PAYNE，BETTMAN和BEDNE） Johson，1993;Bavol'ár和奥萨洛瓦，2015）。法案是认知行为治疗家庭的当代成员。行为（验收和承诺治疗）具有与行为疗法和认知疗法的类似和不同方向（Herbet和Forman，2011; Hayes，2004）。 KKT在分析行为中使用存在性和认知方法来响应古典行为治疗方法。 KKT是一个科学翼，试图解决人类问题，旨在解决有问题的人类行为（铅垂，斯图尔特，Dahl和Lundgren，2009）。有人认为，当我们国家的瞄准国家进行筛选时，有关行动方法的新方法几乎没有研究，并且认为我们的国家将为完成工作做出贡献的心理咨询领域。在研究的范围内，使用实验和对照组和初步测试，使用后测试和后续测量的2x3实验设计。该研究的研究小组包括共24名（12个实验和12个对照组）大学学生在不同的部门和水平上学习，在2015-2016学术上继续进行2015-2016的学术年度2015-2016学年年。实验和对照组参与者的平均年龄是20.实验组中有12名参与者，7名女性和5名男性，12名参与者，7名女性和5名男性。研究人员准备的个人信息表格和决策制定风格规模在研究中使用。为了决定在分析数据的过程中使用的测试，参与者的决策风格刻度预测的分数主要在实验和对照组中进行，分析了参数的基本期望吗？测试得到了回答。由于对实验和对照组给出了从决策曲调标度获得的分数，偏移和峰度分子系数。确定该分布是正常的在成熟的-WILK试验结果中，其中每亚级的偏差和刚度系数在-1到+1之间排名。实验和对照组的参与者;决策式预测测量的同质性测试结果表明数据是均匀的。根据毛毛环保试验的结果，已确定工作支持假设。据确定，从依赖决策风格的实验和对照组获得的预测分数之间没有显着差异，但测试组在测试后的分数内显示出较低的平均分数和后续的分数 - 测试。因此，可以说，应用于实验组的面向活动的心理教育程序减少了决策风格子维度的依赖决策风格分数，并且心理教育程序具有持久的效果。据确定，从实验和对照组自发决策风格获得的预测试，测试后和后续评分之间没有显着差异。因此，可以说这种情况不会导致从应用于实验组的活动导向的心理教育程序的决策风格分数的自发决策风格分数显着差异。行为的心理教育计划在个人直观的决策风格下降，但这种减少并没有产生显着的差异。因此，可以说，这种情况不会在从应用于实验组的KKT导向的心理教育程序的决策风格分数中产生有意义的决策风格分数。从实验和对照组的理性决策风格获得的预测分数显示后检验后和随访评分之间存在差异，但这种差异并不重要。由于分析，确定测试组的理性决策风格较高，而不是后测试和后续分数的预测分数，而对照组合理决策风格的后测试和后续测试分数显示出与预测试分数相比的减少。预测分数。决策款式扩展避免决策由于分析了预测试，测试后和后续措施的班次评分的平均分数，发现群体效应是微不足道的。确定实验和对照组从避免决策风格获得的预测评分中显着不同，但在测试后和后续测试的分数内没有显示出任何重大变化。

From Intelligence to Rationality of Minds and Machines in Contemporary Society: The Sciences of Design and the Role of Information

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