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The Impact of Changing Funding and Authority Relationships on Scientific Innovations

机译：资金和授权关系的变化对科学创新的影响

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摘要

The past three decades have witnessed a sharp reduction in the rate of growth of public research funding, and sometimes an actual decline in its level. In many countries, diis decline has been accompanied by substantial changes in the ways that such funding has been allocated and monitored. In addition, the institutions governing how research is directed and conducted underwent significant reforms. In this paper we examine how these changes have affected scientists' research goals and practices by comparing the development of three scientific innovations (one each in physics, biology, and educational research) in four European countries, namely Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and Sweden. We find that the increased number of actors exercising authority over research goals does not necessarily lead to a greater diversity of interests funding research. A narrowing of goals and frameworks is especially probable when the increasing importance of external project funding is combined with reductions in state financing of universities and public research institutes. Finally, the growing standardisation of project cycle times and resource packages across funding agencies and scientific communities make it more difficult for researchers to pursue projects that deviate from these norms, especially, if they challenge mainstream beliefs and assessment criteria.
机译：在过去的三十年中，公共研究经费的增长速度急剧下降，有时水平实际上下降了。在许多国家，直接投资的减少伴随着这种资金分配和监测方式的重大变化。此外，管理研究指导和进行方式的机构也进行了重大改革。在本文中，我们通过比较四个欧洲国家（德国，荷兰，瑞士和瑞士）的三项科学创新（在物理学，生物学和教育研究中的一项）的发展情况，研究了这些变化如何影响科学家的研究目标和实践。瑞典。我们发现，越来越多的参与者行使研究目标的权力并不一定导致资助研究的利益更加多样化。如果外部项目资金的重要性日益增加，同时大学和公共研究机构的国家资金减少，则缩小目标和框架的可能性尤其大。最后，跨资助机构和科学界的项目周期时间和资源包的日益标准化，使研究人员更加难以开展偏离这些规范的项目，尤其是在挑战主流观念和评估标准的情况下。

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