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What's Wrong with Talking About the Scientific Revolution? Applying Lessons from History of Science to Applied Fields of Science Studies

机译：谈论科学革命有什么问题？将科学史的经验教训应用到科学研究的应用领域

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Since the mid-twentieth century, the 'Scientific Revolution' has arguably occupied centre stage in most Westerners', and many non-Westerners', conceptions of science history. Yet among history of science specialists that position has been profoundly contested. Most radically, historians Andrew Cunningham and Perry Williams in 1993 proposed to demolish the prevailing 'big picture' which posited that the Scientific Revolution marked the origin of modern science. They proposed a new big picture in which science is seen as a distinctly modern, western phenomenon rather than a human universal, that it was invented in the Age of Revolutions 1760-1848, and that science be de-centred within the new big picture: treated as just one of many forms of human knowledge-seeking activity. Their paper is one of the most highly cited in the history of science field, and has the potential to transform the way that science educators, science communicators, science policymakers and scientists view science. Yet the paper and historians' scholarly response to it are not well-known outside the history discipline. Here I attempt to bridge that disciplinary gap with a review of scholarly papers published 1994-2014 that cited Cunningham and Williams or otherwise discussed the Scientific Revolution, to gauge the extent of support for the old and new big pictures. I find that the old big picture is disintegrating and lacks active defenders, while many scholars support aspects of the new big picture. I discuss the significance of this for scholars in 'applied' fields of science studies such as education, communication and policy.
机译：自二十世纪中叶以来，“科学革命”在大多数西方人和许多非西方人的科学史观中占据了中心地位。然而，在科学专家的历史中，这一立场遭到了激烈的争论。最根本的是，历史学家安德鲁·坎宁安（Andrew Cunningham）和佩里·威廉姆斯（Perry Williams）在1993年提议拆除当时盛行的“大图景”，认为科学革命标志着现代科学的起源。他们提出了一个新的大图景，其中科学被视为一种明显的现代西方现象，而不是人类的普遍现象，它是在1760年至1848年的“革命时代”发明的，并且在新的大图景中分散了科学的注意力：被视为人类寻求知识的多种形式中的一种。他们的论文是科学史上被引用次数最多的论文之一，具有改变科学教育者，科学传播者，科学政策制定者和科学家对科学的看法的潜力。然而，论文和历史学家对此的学术反应在历史学科之外并不为人所知。在这里，我试图通过回顾1994-2014年发表的引用坎宁安和威廉姆斯或其他方式讨论《科学革命》的学术论文来弥合学科之间的差距，以衡量对新旧事物的支持程度。我发现旧的大局正在瓦解，缺乏积极的捍卫者，而许多学者都支持新的大局。我讨论了这对于科学研究的“应用”领域的学者的重要性，例如教育，传播和政策。

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