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Uneven Commercialization: Contradiction and Conflict in the Identity and Practices of American Universities

机译：不均衡的商业化：美国大学的身份和实践中的矛盾与冲突

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摘要

In this paper, drawing on magazines read by US academic leaders, we explore the spread of commercial language into the world of higher education. We ask whether commercial codes are taken for granted, considered routine, and common sense in academic settings. We develop a multidimensional approach, considering two practices, strategic planning and patenting, and two identities, consumer and product, which come from the world of commerce. We ask: to what extent does the university community considered commercial developments legitimate or illegitimate? In what ways has the legitimacy of commercial developments changed over time, and to what degree are different commercial developments embraced or rejected? Our analysis suggests that the commercialization of US higher education is a complicated, uneven, contradictory, contested, and multifac-eted process, rather than a single monolithic outcome state. We find that the extent to which commercial practices and identities are viewed as legitimate varies across time, by institutional type, and by an actor's social position. We also find that different commercial developments received different amounts of opposition. We use our analysis to contribute to recent thinking in the "new institutionalism" in organizational analysis and to ground our thoughts about political efforts to preserve certain qualities of higher education.
机译：在本文中，我们将借鉴美国学术界领袖阅读的杂志，探讨商业语言在高等教育领域的传播。我们问商业规则在学术环境中是否被认为是理所当然的，被认为是常规的和常识性的。我们开发了一种多维方法，其中考虑了来自商业领域的两种实践（战略计划和专利）以及两种身份（消费者和产品）。我们问：大学社区在多大程度上认为商业发展合法或不合法？随着时间的推移，商业开发的合法性以什么方式改变了，不同的商业开发被接受或拒绝到什么程度？我们的分析表明，美国高等教育的商业化是一个复杂，不平衡，矛盾，有争议和多方面的过程，而不是一个单一的整体结果状态。我们发现，商业行为和身份被视为合法的程度随时间，机构类型和行为者的社会地位而异。我们还发现，不同的商业发展遭到了不同程度的反对。我们使用我们的分析为组织分析中的“新制度主义”中的最新思想做出贡献，并基于我们为维护某些高等教育质量而进行的政治努力的思想基础。

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