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首页> 外文期刊>Minerva >From a Means to an End: Patenting in the 1999 Danish 'Act on Inventions' and its Effect on Research Practice
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From a Means to an End: Patenting in the 1999 Danish 'Act on Inventions' and its Effect on Research Practice

机译：从手段到目的：1999年丹麦《发明法》的专利申请及其对研究实践的影响

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摘要

This paper examines the potential pitfalls for academic research associated with goal displacements in the implementation of goals and indicators of research commercialization. We ask why patenting has come to serve as the key policy indicator of innovative capacity and what consequences this has for the organization of academic research. To address these questions, the paper presents a case study from Denmark on, firstly, why and how the 1999 Danish 'Act on Inventions' introduced patenting as a central instrument to Danish science policy and, secondly, the effects the Act has had on Danish university organization and research practices. We trace why and how commercialization was introduced as an important objective in Danish science policy since the 1980s. The increased focus on patents is explained as an isomorphic adjustment to an international 'science policy field,' manifested in particular through OECD statistics, where patenting has come to serve as a key metric in international rankings. In a second step, we examine what effects the patenting requirements have had on organization and research practice at a Danish university. We show that in practice 'number of patents' changed from serving as an indicator of innovative capacity to being a policy goal in itself, thus in effect producing a goal displacement that is potentially damaging for both academic research and innovation capacity of the surrounding society. As a consequence of this goal displacement, active scientists now increasingly engage in patenting primarily as a means to fulfill organizational targets and to increase their 'fundability,' rather than to promote commercial applications of their research. In conclusion, we discuss how these unfulfilled policy ambitions have led to a retrospective redefinition of policy goals rather than an adjustment of the actual policy tools.
机译：本文研究了在实现目标和研究商业化指标时与目标位移相关的学术研究的潜在陷阱。我们想知道为什么专利已成为创新能力的关键政策指标，这对学术研究的组织有何影响。为了解决这些问题，本文提供了一个丹麦的案例研究，首先是为什么以及1999年的丹麦《发明法》将专利作为丹麦科学政策的主要手段，其次，该法对丹麦的影响大学的组织和研究实践。我们追溯了自1980年代以来为什么以及如何将商业化作为丹麦科学政策的重要目标引入。人们对专利越来越关注，可以解释为对国际“科学政策领域”的同构调整，尤其是通过经合组织的统计数据表明，专利已成为国际排名中的关键指标。在第二步中，我们研究了专利要求对丹麦大学的组织和研究实践产生了哪些影响。我们表明，实际上，“专利数量”已从作为创新能力的指标变为其本身是一项政策目标，从而实际上产生了目标位移，这有可能损害学术研究和周围社会的创新能力。由于这一目标的偏离，活跃的科学家们现在越来越多地参与专利申请，主要是为了实现组织目标和增加其“可资助性”，而不是促进其研究的商业应用。总之，我们讨论了这些未实现的政策野心如何导致对政策目标的回顾性重新定义，而不是对实际政策工具的调整。

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