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首页> 外文期刊>Molecular Biology and Evolution >Sixty Million Years in Evolution of Soft Grain Trait in Grasses: Emergence of the Softness Locus in the Common Ancestor of Pooideae and Ehrhartoideae, after their Divergence from Panicoideae
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Sixty Million Years in Evolution of Soft Grain Trait in Grasses: Emergence of the Softness Locus in the Common Ancestor of Pooideae and Ehrhartoideae, after their Divergence from Panicoideae

机译：六千万年的禾本科植物软粒状性状的进化：从Pan科和E科的共同祖先中出现的软性轨迹

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Together maize, Sorghum, rice, and wheat grass (Poaceae) species are the most important cereal crops in the world and exhibit different “grain endosperm texture.” This trait has been studied extensively in wheat because of its pivotal role in determining quality of products obtained from wheat grain. Grain softness protein-1 and Puroindolines A and B (grain storage proteins), encoded by Ha-like genes: Gsp-1, Pina, and Pinb, of the Hardness (Ha) locus, are the main determinants of the grain softness/hardness trait in wheat. The origin and evolution of grain endosperm texture in grasses was addressed by comparing genomic sequences of the Ha orthologous region of wheat, Brachypodium, rice, and Sorghum. Results show that the Ha-like genes are present in wheat and Brachypodium but are absent from Sorghum bicolor. A truncated remnant of an Ha-like gene is present in rice. Synteny analysis of the genomes of these grass species shows that only one of the paralogous Ha regions, created 70 My by whole-genome duplication, contained Ha-like genes. The comparative genome analysis and evolutionary comparison with genes encoding grain reserve proteins of grasses suggest that an ancestral Ha-like gene emerged, as a new member of the prolamin gene family, in a common ancestor of the Pooideae (Triticeae and Brachypoidieae tribes) and Ehrhartoideae (rice), between 60 and 50 My, after their divergence from Panicoideae (Sorghum). It was subsequently lost in Ehrhartoideae. Recurring duplications, deletions, and/or truncations occurred independently and appear to characterize Ha-like gene evolution in the grass species. The Ha-like genes gained a new function in Triticeae, such as wheat, underlying the soft grain phenotype. Loss of these genes in some wheat species leads, in turn, to hard endosperm seeds.
机译：玉米，高粱，水稻和小麦草（禾本科）加在一起是世界上最重要的谷物作物，并表现出不同的“籽粒胚乳质地”。由于这种特性在决定从小麦籽粒中获得的产品质量方面起着举足轻重的作用，因此已在小麦中进行了广泛的研究。硬度（Ha）基因座的Ha样基因：Gsp-1，Pina和Pinb编码的谷物柔软度蛋白-1和Puroindolines A和B（谷物储存蛋白）是决定谷物柔软度/硬度的主要决定因素小麦的性状。通过比较小麦，短穗轴，水稻和高粱的Ha直系同源区域的基因组序列，可以了解草中谷物胚乳质地的起源和演变。结果表明，Ha-like基因存在于小麦和短纹夜蛾中，而在高粱中则不存在。水稻中存在Ha样基因的截短残基。对这些草种的基因组进行同步分析表明，只有一个同源的Ha区域（通过全基因组复制产生70 My）包含Ha样基因。比较的基因组分析和与编码禾谷类谷粒储备蛋白的基因的进化比较表明，作为禾谷蛋白基因家族的新成员，祖先的类Ha基因出现在禾本科（特立蒂科和短尾鳄科）和E科的共同祖先中（大米），从潘尼科（高粱）分化后，在60至50 My之间。它随后在Ehrhartoideae中丢失。重复的重复，缺失和/或截短独立发生，并且似乎是草种中类似Ha的基因进化的特征。 Ha样基因在小麦等小麦中获得了新的功能，是其软粒表型的基础。这些基因在某些小麦品种中的丢失反过来又导致了坚硬的胚乳种子。

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