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Experimental evidence that thrust earthquake ruptures might open faults

机译：实验证明推力地震破裂可能会打开断层

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摘要

Many of Earth's great earthquakes occur on thrust faults(1). These earthquakes predominantly occur within subduction zones, such as the 2011 moment magnitude 9.0 eathquake in Tohoku-Oki, Japan, or along large collision zones, such as the 1999 moment magnitude 7.7 earthquake in Chi-Chi, Taiwan(2). Notably, these two earthquakes had a maximum slip that was very close to the surface(3,4). This contributed to the destructive tsunami that occurred during the Tohoku-Oki event and to the large amount of structural damage caused by the Chi-Chi event. The mechanism that results in such large slip near the surface is poorly understood as shallow parts of thrust faults are considered to be frictionally stable(5). Here we use earthquake rupture experiments to reveal the existence of a torquing mechanism of thrust fault ruptures near the free surface that causes them to unclamp and slip large distances. Complementary numerical modelling of the experiments confirms that the hanging-wall wedge undergoes pronounced rotation in one direction as the earthquake rupture approaches the free surface, and this torque is released as soon as the rupture breaks the free surface, resulting in the unclamping and violent 'flapping' of the hanging-wall wedge. Our results imply that the shallow extent of the seismogenic zone of a subducting interface is not fixed and can extend up to the trench during great earthquakes through a torquing mechanism.
机译：地球上许多大地震都发生在逆冲断层上（1）。这些地震主要发生在俯冲带内，例如日本东北冲的2011年9.0级烈性地震，或大碰撞区，例如台湾集集市的1999年7.7级烈性地震（2）。值得注意的是，这两次地震的最大滑动非常接近地表（3,4）。这导致了东北冲锋事件期间发生的破坏性海啸，以及由Chi-Chi事件造成的大量结构性破坏。由于推力断层的浅层部分被认为是摩擦稳定的，因此人们很难理解在地表附近产生如此大的滑动的机理（5）。在这里，我们使用地震破裂实验来揭示在自由表面附近存在推力断裂破裂的扭转机制，这导致它们松开并滑动了较大的距离。实验的补充数值模型证实，当地震破裂接近自由表面时，悬壁楔块沿一个方向发生了明显的旋转，一旦破裂破坏了自由表面，该扭矩就会释放，从而导致松动和剧烈的“松动”。拍打”。我们的结果表明，俯冲界面的地震发生带的浅层区域不是固定的，在大地震期间可以通过扭转机制延伸到海沟。

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  • 来源
    《Nature》 |2017年第7654期|336-339|共4页
  • 作者

    Gabuchian Vahe; Rosakis Ares J.; Bhat Harsha S.; Madariaga Raul; Kanamori Hiroo;

  • 作者单位

    CALTECH, Grad Aerosp Labs, 1200 East Calif Blvd 105-50, Pasadena, CA 91105 USA;

    CALTECH, Grad Aerosp Labs, 1200 East Calif Blvd 105-50, Pasadena, CA 91105 USA;

    PSL Res Univ, Lab Geol, Ecole Normale Super, CNRS UMR 8538, F-75005 Paris, France;

    PSL Res Univ, Lab Geol, Ecole Normale Super, CNRS UMR 8538, F-75005 Paris, France;

    CALTECH, Seismol Lab, 1200 East Calif Blvd 252-21, Pasadena, CA 91105 USA;

  • 收录信息 美国《科学引文索引》(SCI);美国《工程索引》(EI);美国《生物学医学文摘》(MEDLINE);美国《化学文摘》(CA);
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