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Greater post-Neolithic wealth disparities in Eurasia than in North America and Mesoamerica

机译：与北美洲和中美洲相比，新石器时代后的欧亚大陆财富差距更大

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摘要

How wealth is distributed among households provides insight into the fundamental characters of societies and the opportunities they afford for social mobility(1,2). However, economic inequality has been hard to study in ancient societies for which we do not have written records(3,4), which adds to the challenge of placing current wealth disparities into a long-term perspective. Although various archaeological proxies for wealth, such as burial goods(5,6) or exotic or expensive-to-manufacture goods in household assemblages(7), have been proposed, the first is not clearly connected with households, and the second is confounded by abandonment mode and other factors. As a result, numerous questions remain concerning the growth of wealth disparities, including their connection to the development of domesticated plants and animals and to increases in sociopolitical scale(8). Here we show that wealth disparities generally increased with the domestication of plants and animals and with increased sociopolitical scale, using Gini coefficients computed over the single consistent proxy of house-size distributions. However, unexpected differences in the responses of societies to these factors in North America and Mesoamerica, and in Eurasia, became evident after the end of the Neolithic period. We argue that the generally higher wealth disparities identified in post-Neolithic Eurasia were initially due to the greater availability of large mammals that could be domesticated, because they allowed more profitable agricultural extensification(9), and also eventually led to the development of a mounted warrior elite able to expand polities (political units that cohere via identity, ability to mobilize resources, or governance) to sizes that were not possible in North America and Mesoamerica before the arrival of Europeans(10,11). We anticipate that this analysis will stimulate other work to enlarge this sample to include societies in South America, Africa, South Asia and Oceania that were under-sampled or not included in this study.
机译：家庭之间财富的分配方式可以洞悉社会的基本特征以及他们为社会流动提供的机会（1,2）。但是，在我们没有书面记录的古代社会中，经济不平等一直很难研究（3,4），这增加了将当前的贫富差距从长远角度来看的挑战。尽管已经提出了各种财富的考古代理，例如埋葬物品（5,6）或家庭组合中的奇特或昂贵的制造商品（7），但第一个与家庭的联系不明确，而第二个则令人困惑受遗弃模式等因素影响。结果，关于财富差异的增长仍然存在许多问题，包括它们与驯化的动植物的发展以及社会政治规模的扩大之间的联系（8）。在这里，我们显示，使用在房屋大小分布的单个一致代理上计算出的基尼系数，财富差异通常随着动植物的驯化以及社会政治规模的增加而增加。但是，新石器时代结束后，在北美和中美洲以及欧亚大陆，社会对这些因素的反应出现了意想不到的差异。我们认为，新石器时代后的欧亚大陆发现的财富差距普遍较高，最初是由于可以驯化的大型哺乳动物的供应量增加，因为它们允许更多有利可图的农业扩张（9），并最终导致了野生动物的发展。战士精英能够将政体（通过身份，调动资源或治理的能力凝聚政治团体）的规模扩大到欧洲人到来之前在北美和中美洲没有的规模（10,11）。我们预计，这种分析将刺激其他工作，以扩大该样本的范围，使之包括南美洲，非洲，南亚和大洋洲的样本量不足或未包括在本研究中的社会。

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  • 来源
    《Nature》 |2017年第7682期|619-622|共4页
  • 作者

    Kohler Timothy A.; Smith Michael E.; Ogaard Amy B.; Feinman Gary M.; Peterson Christian E.; Betzenhauser Alleen; Pailes Matthew; Stone Elizabeth C.; Prentiss Anna Marie; Dennehy Timothy J.; Ellyson Laura J.; Nicholas Linda M.; Faulseit Ronald K.; Styring Amy; Whitlam Jade; Fochesato Mattia; Foor Thomas A.; Bowles Samuel;

  • 作者单位

    Washington State Univ, Dept Anthropol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA|Santa Fe Inst, 1399 Hyde Pk Rd, Santa Fe, NM 87501 USA|Crow Canyon Archaeol Ctr, 23390 CRK, Cortez, CO 81321 USA;

    Arizona State Univ, Sch Human Evolut & Social Change, POB 872402, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA;

    Santa Fe Inst, 1399 Hyde Pk Rd, Santa Fe, NM 87501 USA|Univ Oxford, Inst Archaeol, 36 Beaumont St, Oxford OX1 2PG, England;

    Field Museum Nat Hist, 1400 South Lake Shore Dr, Chicago, IL 60605 USA;

    Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Anthropol, 2424 Maile Way,346 Saunders Hall, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA;

    Amer Bottom Field Stn, Illinois State Archaeol Survey, 1510 N 89th St, Fairview Hts, IL 62208 USA;

    Univ Oklahoma, Dept Anthropol, 455 W Lindsey,Dale Hall Tower 521, Norman, OK 73019 USA;

    SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Anthropol, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA;

    Univ Montana, Dept Anthropol, Missoula, MT 59812 USA;

    Arizona State Univ, Sch Human Evolut & Social Change, POB 872402, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA;

    Washington State Univ, Dept Anthropol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA;

    Field Museum Nat Hist, 1400 South Lake Shore Dr, Chicago, IL 60605 USA;

    Pierce Coll, 6201 Winnetka Ave, Los Angeles, CA 91371 USA;

    Goethe Univ Frankfurt Main, Inst Archeol Wissensch, Grueneburgpl 1, D-60323 Frankfurt, Germany;

    Univ Oxford, Inst Archaeol, 36 Beaumont St, Oxford OX1 2PG, England;

    New York Univ Abu Dhabi, Social Sci Div, POB 129188, Abu Dhabi, U Arab Emirates;

    Santa Fe Inst, 1399 Hyde Pk Rd, Santa Fe, NM 87501 USA;

  • 收录信息 美国《科学引文索引》(SCI);美国《工程索引》(EI);美国《生物学医学文摘》(MEDLINE);美国《化学文摘》(CA);
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