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首页> 外文期刊>Nature >A large light-mass component of cosmic rays at 10(17)-10(17.5) electronvolts from radio observations
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A large light-mass component of cosmic rays at 10(17)-10(17.5) electronvolts from radio observations

机译：来自无线电观测的10（17）-10（17.5）电子伏特的宇宙射线的大量光质量分量

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摘要

Cosmic rays are the highest-energy particles found in nature. Measurements of the mass composition of cosmic rays with energies of 10(17)-10(18) electronvolts are essential to understanding whether they have galactic or extragalactic sources. It has also been proposed that the astrophysical neutrino signal1 comes from accelerators capable of producing cosmic rays of these energies(2). Cosmic rays initiate air showers-cascades of secondary particles in the atmosphere-and their masses can be inferred from measurements of the atmospheric depth of the shower maximum3 (Xmax; the depth of the air shower when it contains the most particles) or of the composition of shower particles reaching the ground(4). Current measurements(5) have either high uncertainty, or a low duty cycle and a high energy threshold. Radio detection of cosmic rays(6-8) is a rapidly developing technique(9) for determining Xmax (refs 10, 11) with a duty cycle of, in principle, nearly 100 per cent. The radiation is generated by the separation of relativistic electrons and positrons in the geomagnetic field and a negative charge excess in the shower front(6,12). Here we report radio measurements of X-max with a mean uncertainty of 16 grams per square centimetre for air showers initiated by cosmic rays with energies of 1017-1017.5 electronvolts. This high resolution in Xmax enables us to determine the mass spectrum of the cosmic rays: we find a mixed composition, with a light-mass fraction (protons and helium nuclei) of about 80 per cent. Unless, contrary to current expectations, the extragalactic component of cosmic rays contributes substantially to the total flux below 10(17.5) electronvolts, our measurements indicate the existence of an additional galactic component, to account for the light composition that we measured in the 10(17)-10(17.5) electronvolt range.
机译：宇宙射线是自然界中能量最高的粒子。能量为10（17）-10（18）电子伏特的宇宙射线质量组成的测量对于了解它们是否有银河系或银河系外源至关重要。还提出了天体中微子信号1来自能够产生这些能量的宇宙射线的加速器（2）。宇宙射线引发了空气喷淋-大气中的次级粒子的级联-其质量可以通过测量最大喷淋的大气深度3（Xmax;当空气喷淋包含最多的粒子时的空气喷淋深度）或成分来推断的淋浴颗粒到达地面（4）。电流测量值（5）具有很高的不确定性，或者具有低占空比和高能量阈值。宇宙射线的无线电探测（6-8）是一种快速发展的技术（9），用于确定Xmax（参考文献10、11），其占空比原则上接近100％。辐射是由相对论电子和正电子在地磁场中的分离以及在阵雨前的负电荷过量而产生的（6,12）。在这里，我们报告了由宇宙射线以1017-1017.5电子伏特的能量引发的空气喷淋的X-max无线电测量结果，平均不确定度为每平方厘米16克。 Xmax的这种高分辨率使我们能够确定宇宙射线的质谱：我们发现了一种混合的成分，其轻质分数（质子和氦核）约为80％。除非与目前的预期相反，否则宇宙射线的银河系外分量对低于10（17.5）电子伏特的总通量做出实质性贡献，否则我们的测量表明存在额外的银河系分量，以说明我们在10（ 17）-10（17.5）电子伏特范围。

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  • 来源
    《Nature》 |2016年第7592期|70-73|共4页
  • 作者

    Buitink S.; Corstanje A.; Falcke H.; Hoerandel J. R.; Huege T.; Nelles A.; Rachen J. P.; Rossetto L.; Schellart P.; Scholten O.; ter Veen S.; Thoudam S.; Trinh T. N. G.; Anderson J.; Asgekar A.; Avruch I. M.; Bell M. E.; Bentum M. J.; Bernardi G.; Best P.; Bonafede A.; Breitling F.; Broderick J. W.; Brouw W. N.; Brueggen M.; Buteher H. R.; Carbone D.; Ciardi B.; Conway J. E.; de Gasperin E.; de Geus E.; Deller A.; Dettmar R. -J.; van Diepen G.; Duscha S.; Eisloeffel J.; Engels D.; Enriquez J. E.; Fallows R. A.; Fender R.; Ferrari C.; Frieswijk W.; Garrett M. A.; Griessmeier J. M.; Gunst A. W.; van Haarlem M. P.; Hassall T. E.; Heald G.; Hessels J. W. T.; Hoeft M.; Horneffer A.; Iaeobelli M.; Intema H.; Juette E.; Karastergiou A.; Kondratiev V. I.; Kramer M.; Kuniyoshi N.; Kuper G.; van Lecuwen J.; Loose G. M.; Maat P.; Nann G.; Markoff S.; McFadden R.; McKay-Bukowski D.; McKean J. P.; Mevius M.; Mulcahy D. D.; Munk H.; Norden M. J.; Orru E.; Paas H.; Pandey-Pommier M.; Pandey V. N.; Pietka M.; Pizzo R.; Polatidis A. G.; Reich W.; Roetgering H. J. A.; Scaife A. M. M.; Schwarz D. J.; Serylak M.; Sluman J.; Smirnov O.; Stappers B. W.; Steinmetz M.; Stewart A.; Swinbank J.; Tagger M.; Tang Y.; Tasse C.; Toribio M. C.; Vermeulen R.; Vocks C.; Vogt C.; van Weeren R. J.; Wijers R. A. M. J.; Wijnholds S. J.; Wise M. W.; Wucknitz O.; Yatawatta S.; Zarka P.; Zensuss J. A.;

  • 作者单位

    Vrije Univ Brussel, Inst Astrophys, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium|Radboud Univ Nijmegen, IMAPP, Dept Astrophys, POB 9010, NL-6500 GL Nijmegen, Netherlands;

    Radboud Univ Nijmegen, IMAPP, Dept Astrophys, POB 9010, NL-6500 GL Nijmegen, Netherlands;

    Radboud Univ Nijmegen, IMAPP, Dept Astrophys, POB 9010, NL-6500 GL Nijmegen, Netherlands|Netherlands Inst Radio Astron, ASTRON, Postbus 2, NL-7990 AA Dwingeloo, Netherlands|Nikhef, Sci Pk Amsterdam, NL-1098 XG Amsterdam, Netherlands|Max Planck Inst Radioastron, Hugel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany;

    Radboud Univ Nijmegen, IMAPP, Dept Astrophys, POB 9010, NL-6500 GL Nijmegen, Netherlands|Nikhef, Sci Pk Amsterdam, NL-1098 XG Amsterdam, Netherlands;

    Karlsruhe Inst Technol, Inst Nucl Phys IKP, Postfach 3640, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany;

    Radboud Univ Nijmegen, IMAPP, Dept Astrophys, POB 9010, NL-6500 GL Nijmegen, Netherlands|Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Phys & Astron, Irvine, CA 92697 USA;

    Radboud Univ Nijmegen, IMAPP, Dept Astrophys, POB 9010, NL-6500 GL Nijmegen, Netherlands;

    Radboud Univ Nijmegen, IMAPP, Dept Astrophys, POB 9010, NL-6500 GL Nijmegen, Netherlands;

    Radboud Univ Nijmegen, IMAPP, Dept Astrophys, POB 9010, NL-6500 GL Nijmegen, Netherlands;

    Univ Groningen, KVI Ctr Adv Radiat Technol, NL-9747 AA Groningen, Netherlands|Vrije Univ Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium;

    Netherlands Inst Radio Astron, ASTRON, Postbus 2, NL-7990 AA Dwingeloo, Netherlands;

    Radboud Univ Nijmegen, IMAPP, Dept Astrophys, POB 9010, NL-6500 GL Nijmegen, Netherlands;

    Univ Groningen, KVI Ctr Adv Radiat Technol, NL-9747 AA Groningen, Netherlands;

    Helmholtz Zentrum Potsdam, Deutsch GeoForschungsZentrum GEZ, Dept 1, Geodesy & Remote Sensing, Telegrafenberg A17, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany;

    Netherlands Inst Radio Astron, ASTRON, Postbus 2, NL-7990 AA Dwingeloo, Netherlands|Shell Technol Ctr, Bangalore 560048, Karnataka, India;

    SRON Netherlands Inst Space Res, POB 800, NL-9700 AV Groningen, Netherlands|Univ Groningen, Kapteyn Astron Inst, POB 800, NL-9700 AV Groningen, Netherlands;

    CSIRO Australia Telescope Natl Facil, POB 76, Epping, NSW 1710, Australia|Univ Twente, POB 217, NL-7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands;

    Netherlands Inst Radio Astron, ASTRON, Postbus 2, NL-7990 AA Dwingeloo, Netherlands;

    Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, 60 Garden St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA|SKA South Africa, 3rd Floor,Pk Rd, ZA-7405 Pinelands, South Africa;

    Univ Edinburgh, Royal Observ Edinburgh, Inst Astron, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, Midlothian, Scotland;

    Univ Hamburg, Gojenbergsweg 112, D-21029 Hamburg, Germany;

    Leibniz Inst Astrophys Potsdam AIP, Sternwarte 16, D-14482 Potsdam, Germany;

    Univ Southampton, Sch Phys & Astron, Southampton SO17 1BJ, Hants, England;

    Netherlands Inst Radio Astron, ASTRON, Postbus 2, NL-7990 AA Dwingeloo, Netherlands|Univ Groningen, Kapteyn Astron Inst, POB 800, NL-9700 AV Groningen, Netherlands;

    Univ Hamburg, Gojenbergsweg 112, D-21029 Hamburg, Germany;

    Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Astron & Astrophys, Canberra, ACT 2611, Australia;

    Univ Amsterdam, Anton Pannekoek Inst Astron, Sci Pk 904, NL-1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands;

    Max Planck Inst Astrophys, Karl Schwarzschild Str 1, D-85741 Garching, Germany;

    Chalmers, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Onsala Space Observ, SE-43992 Onsala, Sweden;

    Univ Hamburg, Gojenbergsweg 112, D-21029 Hamburg, Germany;

    Netherlands Inst Radio Astron, ASTRON, Postbus 2, NL-7990 AA Dwingeloo, Netherlands|SmarterVision BV, Oostersingel 5, NL-9401 JX Assen, Netherlands;

    Netherlands Inst Radio Astron, ASTRON, Postbus 2, NL-7990 AA Dwingeloo, Netherlands;

    Ruhr Univ Bochum, Astron Inst, Univ Str 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany;

    Netherlands Inst Radio Astron, ASTRON, Postbus 2, NL-7990 AA Dwingeloo, Netherlands;

    Netherlands Inst Radio Astron, ASTRON, Postbus 2, NL-7990 AA Dwingeloo, Netherlands;

    Thuringer Landessternwarte, Sternwarte 5, D-07778 Tautenburg, Germany;

    Elamburger Sternwarte, Gojenbergsweg 112, D-21029 Hamburg, Germany;

    Netherlands Inst Radio Astron, ASTRON, Postbus 2, NL-7990 AA Dwingeloo, Netherlands;

    Netherlands Inst Radio Astron, ASTRON, Postbus 2, NL-7990 AA Dwingeloo, Netherlands;

    Univ Oxford, Dept Astrophys, Denys Wilkinson Bldg,Keble Rd, Oxford OX1 3RH, England;

    Univ Cote Azur, Observ Cote Azur, CNRS, Lab Lagrange, Blvd Observ,CS 34229, F-06304 Nice 4, France;

    Netherlands Inst Radio Astron, ASTRON, Postbus 2, NL-7990 AA Dwingeloo, Netherlands;

    Netherlands Inst Radio Astron, ASTRON, Postbus 2, NL-7990 AA Dwingeloo, Netherlands|Leiden Univ, Leiden Observ, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands;

    Univ Orleans, CNRS, LPC2E, F-45071 Orleans 2, France|Univ Orleans, OSUC, Stn Radioastron Nancay, Observ Paris,CNRS,INSU,USR 704, Route Souesmes, F-18330 Nancay, France;

    Netherlands Inst Radio Astron, ASTRON, Postbus 2, NL-7990 AA Dwingeloo, Netherlands;

    Netherlands Inst Radio Astron, ASTRON, Postbus 2, NL-7990 AA Dwingeloo, Netherlands;

    Univ Southampton, Sch Phys & Astron, Southampton SO17 1BJ, Hants, England;

    Netherlands Inst Radio Astron, ASTRON, Postbus 2, NL-7990 AA Dwingeloo, Netherlands|Univ Groningen, Kapteyn Astron Inst, POB 800, NL-9700 AV Groningen, Netherlands;

    Netherlands Inst Radio Astron, ASTRON, Postbus 2, NL-7990 AA Dwingeloo, Netherlands|Univ Amsterdam, Anton Pannekoek Inst Astron, Sci Pk 904, NL-1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands;

    Thuringer Landessternwarte, Sternwarte 5, D-07778 Tautenburg, Germany;

    Max Planck Inst Radioastron, Hugel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany;

    Netherlands Inst Radio Astron, ASTRON, Postbus 2, NL-7990 AA Dwingeloo, Netherlands;

    Leiden Univ, Leiden Observ, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands|Natl Radio Astron Observ, 1003 Lopezville Rd, Socorro, NM 87801 USA;

    Ruhr Univ Bochum, Astron Inst, Univ Str 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany;

    Univ Oxford, Dept Astrophys, Denys Wilkinson Bldg,Keble Rd, Oxford OX1 3RH, England;

    Netherlands Inst Radio Astron, ASTRON, Postbus 2, NL-7990 AA Dwingeloo, Netherlands|Ctr Astro Space, Lebeclev Phys Inst, Profsoyuznayast 84-32, Moscow 117997, Russia;

    Max Planck Inst Radioastron, Hugel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany|Univ Manchester, Sch Phys & Astron, Jodrell Bank Ctr Astrophys, Manchester M13 9PL, Lancs, England;

    Natl Astron Observ Japan, Mitaka, Tokyo 1818588, Japan;

    Netherlands Inst Radio Astron, ASTRON, Postbus 2, NL-7990 AA Dwingeloo, Netherlands;

    Netherlands Inst Radio Astron, ASTRON, Postbus 2, NL-7990 AA Dwingeloo, Netherlands|Univ Amsterdam, Anton Pannekoek Inst Astron, Sci Pk 904, NL-1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands;

    Netherlands Inst Radio Astron, ASTRON, Postbus 2, NL-7990 AA Dwingeloo, Netherlands;

    Netherlands Inst Radio Astron, ASTRON, Postbus 2, NL-7990 AA Dwingeloo, Netherlands;

    Leibniz Inst Astrophys Potsdam AIP, Sternwarte 16, D-14482 Potsdam, Germany;

    Univ Amsterdam, Anton Pannekoek Inst Astron, Sci Pk 904, NL-1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands;

    Netherlands Inst Radio Astron, ASTRON, Postbus 2, NL-7990 AA Dwingeloo, Netherlands;

    Univ Oulu, Sodankyla Geophys Observ, Tahtelantie 62, Sodankyla 99600, Finland|STFC Rutherford Appleton Lab, Harwell Sci & Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0QX, Oxon, England;

    Netherlands Inst Radio Astron, ASTRON, Postbus 2, NL-7990 AA Dwingeloo, Netherlands|Univ Groningen, Kapteyn Astron Inst, POB 800, NL-9700 AV Groningen, Netherlands;

    Netherlands Inst Radio Astron, ASTRON, Postbus 2, NL-7990 AA Dwingeloo, Netherlands|Univ Groningen, Kapteyn Astron Inst, POB 800, NL-9700 AV Groningen, Netherlands;

    Univ Southampton, Sch Phys & Astron, Southampton SO17 1BJ, Hants, England;

    Netherlands Inst Radio Astron, ASTRON, Postbus 2, NL-7990 AA Dwingeloo, Netherlands;

    Netherlands Inst Radio Astron, ASTRON, Postbus 2, NL-7990 AA Dwingeloo, Netherlands;

    Netherlands Inst Radio Astron, ASTRON, Postbus 2, NL-7990 AA Dwingeloo, Netherlands;

    Univ Groningen, CIT, POB 72, NL-9700 AB Groningen, Netherlands;

    Observ Lyon, Ctr Rech Astrophys Lyon, 9 Ave Charles Andre, F-69561 St Gems Laval, France;

    Netherlands Inst Radio Astron, ASTRON, Postbus 2, NL-7990 AA Dwingeloo, Netherlands;

    Univ Oxford, Dept Astrophys, Denys Wilkinson Bldg,Keble Rd, Oxford OX1 3RH, England;

    Netherlands Inst Radio Astron, ASTRON, Postbus 2, NL-7990 AA Dwingeloo, Netherlands;

    Netherlands Inst Radio Astron, ASTRON, Postbus 2, NL-7990 AA Dwingeloo, Netherlands;

    Max Planck Inst Radioastron, Hugel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany;

    Leiden Univ, Leiden Observ, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands;

    Univ Southampton, Sch Phys & Astron, Southampton SO17 1BJ, Hants, England;

    Univ Bielefeld, Fak Phys, Postfach 100131, D-33501 Bielefeld, Germany;

    Univ Oxford, Dept Astrophys, Denys Wilkinson Bldg,Keble Rd, Oxford OX1 3RH, England;

    Netherlands Inst Radio Astron, ASTRON, Postbus 2, NL-7990 AA Dwingeloo, Netherlands;

    SKA South Africa, 3rd Floor,Pk Rd, ZA-7405 Pinelands, South Africa|Rhodes Univ, Dept Phys & Elect, POB 94, ZA-6140 Grahamstown, South Africa;

    Univ Manchester, Sch Phys & Astron, Jodrell Bank Ctr Astrophys, Manchester M13 9PL, Lancs, England;

    Leibniz Inst Astrophys Potsdam AIP, Sternwarte 16, D-14482 Potsdam, Germany;

    Univ Oxford, Dept Astrophys, Denys Wilkinson Bldg,Keble Rd, Oxford OX1 3RH, England;

    Univ Amsterdam, Anton Pannekoek Inst Astron, Sci Pk 904, NL-1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands|Princeton Univ, Dept Astrophys Sci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA;

    Univ Orleans, CNRS, LPC2E, F-45071 Orleans 2, France;

    Netherlands Inst Radio Astron, ASTRON, Postbus 2, NL-7990 AA Dwingeloo, Netherlands;

    Rhodes Univ, Dept Phys & Elect, POB 94, ZA-6140 Grahamstown, South Africa|Univ Paris Diderot, CNRS, Observ Paris, GEPI, 5 Pl Jules Janssen, F-92190 Meudon, France;

    Netherlands Inst Radio Astron, ASTRON, Postbus 2, NL-7990 AA Dwingeloo, Netherlands|Leiden Univ, Leiden Observ, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands;

    Netherlands Inst Radio Astron, ASTRON, Postbus 2, NL-7990 AA Dwingeloo, Netherlands;

    Leibniz Inst Astrophys Potsdam AIP, Sternwarte 16, D-14482 Potsdam, Germany;

    Netherlands Inst Radio Astron, ASTRON, Postbus 2, NL-7990 AA Dwingeloo, Netherlands;

    Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, 60 Garden St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA;

    Univ Amsterdam, Anton Pannekoek Inst Astron, Sci Pk 904, NL-1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands;

    Netherlands Inst Radio Astron, ASTRON, Postbus 2, NL-7990 AA Dwingeloo, Netherlands;

    Netherlands Inst Radio Astron, ASTRON, Postbus 2, NL-7990 AA Dwingeloo, Netherlands|Univ Amsterdam, Anton Pannekoek Inst Astron, Sci Pk 904, NL-1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands;

    Max Planck Inst Radioastron, Hugel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany;

    Netherlands Inst Radio Astron, ASTRON, Postbus 2, NL-7990 AA Dwingeloo, Netherlands;

    Univ Paris Diderot, UPMC, CNRS, LESIA,Observ Paris, 5 Pl Jules Janssen, F-92190 Meudon, France;

    Max Planck Inst Radioastron, Hugel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany;

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