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Evolution of the new vertebrate head by co-option of an ancient chordate skeletal tissue

机译：通过选择古老的碳酸盐骨骼组织来进化新的脊椎动物头部

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摘要

A defining feature of vertebrates (craniates) is a pronounced head that is supported and protected by a robust cellular endoskeleton. In the first vertebrates, this skeleton probably consisted of collagenous cellular cartilage, which forms the embryonic skeleton of all vertebrates and the adult skeleton of modern jawless and cartilaginous fish. In the head, most cellular cartilage is derived from a migratory cell population called the neural crest, which arises from the edges of the central nervous system. Because collagenous cellular cartilage and neural crest cells have not been described in invertebrates1, the appearance of cellular cartilage derived from neural crest cells is considered a turning point in vertebrate evolution2. Here we show that a tissue with many of the defining features of vertebrate cellular cartilage transiently forms in the larvae of the invertebrate chordate Branchiostoma floridae (Florida amphioxus). We also present evidence that during evolution, a key regulator of vertebrate cartilage development, SoxE, gained new cis-regulatory sequences that subsequently directed its novel expression in neural crest cells. Together, these results suggest that the origin of the vertebrate head skeleton did not depend on the evolution of a new skeletal tissue, as is commonly thought, but on the spread of this tissue throughout the head. We further propose that the evolution of cis-regulatory elements near an ancient regulator of cartilage differentiation was a major factor in the evolution of the vertebrate head skeleton.
机译：脊椎动物（颅骨）的主要特征是明显的头部，其头部由坚固的细胞内骨骼支撑和保护。在最初的脊椎动物中，该骨骼可能由胶原细胞软骨组成，形成了所有脊椎动物的胚胎骨骼和现代无颚软骨鱼类的成年骨骼。在头部，大多数细胞软骨来自称为神经c的迁徙细胞群，其起源于中枢神经系统的边缘。由于无脊椎动物中没有描述胶原细胞软骨和神经c细胞，因此，源自神经c细胞的细胞软骨的出现被认为是脊椎动物进化的转折点2。在这里，我们显示了具有许多脊椎动物细胞软骨定义特征的组织，在无脊椎动物碳酸盐佛罗里达分支杆菌（Florida amphioxus）的幼虫中瞬时形成。我们还提供了证据，在进化过程中，脊椎动物软骨发育的关键调控因子SoxE获得了新的顺式调控序列，该序列随后指导了其在神经c细胞中的新表达。总之，这些结果表明，脊椎动物头部骨骼的起源并不像通常认为的那样取决于新的骨骼组织的演化，而是取决于该组织在头部中的扩散。我们进一步提出，在古老的软骨分化调控因子附近，顺式调控因子的进化是脊椎动物头部骨骼进化的主要因素。

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  • 来源
    《Nature》 |2015年第7540期|534-537|共4页
  • 作者

    David Jandzik; Aaron T. Garnett; Tyler A. Square; Maria V. Cattell; Jr-Kai Yu; Daniel M. Medeiros;

  • 作者单位

    Departmentof Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA, Department of Zoology, Comenius University, Bratislava 84215, Slovakia;

    Departmentof Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA;

    Departmentof Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA;

    Departmentof Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA;

    Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan;

    Departmentof Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA;

  • 收录信息 美国《科学引文索引》(SCI);美国《工程索引》(EI);美国《生物学医学文摘》(MEDLINE);美国《化学文摘》(CA);
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