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The formation and fate of internal waves in the South China Sea

机译：南海内浪的形成和命运

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Internal gravity waves, the subsurface analogue of the familiar surface gravity waves that break on beaches, are ubiquitous in the ocean. Because of their strong vertical and horizontal currents, and the turbulent mixing caused by their breaking, they affect a panoply of ocean processes, such as the supply of nutrients for photosynthesis(1), sediment and pollutant transport(2) and acoustic transmission(3); they also pose hazards for man-made structures in the ocean(4). Generated primarily by the wind and the tides, internal waves can travel thousands of kilometres from their sources before breaking(5), making it challenging to observe them and to include them in numerical climate models, which are sensitive to their effects(6,7). For over a decade, studies(8-11) have targeted the South China Sea, where the oceans' most powerful known internal waves are generated in the Luzon Strait and steepen dramatically as they propagate west. Confusion has persisted regarding their mechanism of generation, variability and energy budget, however, owing to the lack of in situ data from the Luzon Strait, where extreme flow conditions make measurements difficult. Here we use new observations and numerical models to (1) show that the waves begin as sinusoidal disturbances rather than arising from sharp hydraulic phenomena, (2) reveal the existence of >200-metre-high breaking internal waves in the region of generation that give rise to turbulence levels >10,000 times that in the open ocean, (3) determine that the Kuroshio western boundary current noticeably refracts the internal wave field emanating from the Luzon Strait, and (4) demonstrate a factor-of-two agreement between modelled and observed energy fluxes, which allows us to produce an observationally supported energy budget of the region. Together, these findings give a cradle-to-grave picture of internal waves on a basin scale, which will support further improvements of their representation in numerical climate predictions.
机译：内部引力波是在海滩上破裂的常见表面引力波的地下类似物，在海洋中无处不在。由于它们强大的垂直和水平水流，以及由它们破裂引起的湍流混合，它们影响了整个海洋过程，例如光合作用的营养供应（1），沉积物和污染物的运输（2）和声波的传播（3）。 ）;它们也对海洋中的人造结构构成危害（4）。内部波浪主要由风和潮汐产生，在破裂之前可以从其源头传播数千公里（5），使其难以观察并将其包含在对气候影响敏感的数值气候模型中（6,7） ）。十多年来，研究（8-11）针对南中国海，在该区域，吕宋海峡产生了海洋中最强大的内波，并随着向西传播而急剧变陡。然而，由于缺乏吕宋海峡的实地数据，极端的流动条件使测量变得困难，人们对其产生机理，可变性和能量收支仍然感到困惑。在这里，我们使用新的观测值和数值模型来（1）​​表明，这些波是从正弦波扰动开始的，而不是由尖锐的水力现象引起的；（2）揭示了在该区域中存在> 200米高的破裂内部波，导致湍流水平>公海的10,000倍;（3）确定黑潮的西边界流显着折射了吕宋海峡发出的内部波场;（4）证明了模型之间的两个因素一致以及观察到的能量通量，这使我们能够得出该区域可观的支持的能源预算。这些发现共同给出了盆地尺度内内波浪的从摇篮到坟墓的图画，这将支持进一步改进其在数值气候预测中的表示。

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