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Global conservation outcomes depend on marine protected areas with five key features

机译：全球保护成果取决于具有五个关键特征的海洋保护区

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摘要

In line with global targets agreed under the Convention on Biological Diversity, the number of marine protected areas (MPAs) is increasing rapidly, yet socio-economic benefits generated by MPAs remain difficult to predict and under debate. MPAs often fail to reach their full potential as a consequence of factors such as illegal harvesting, regulations that legally allow detrimental harvesting, or emigration of animals outside boundaries because of continuous habitat or inadequate size of reserve. Here we show that the conservation benefits of 87 MPAs investigated worldwide increase exponentially with the accumulation of five key features: no take, well enforced, old (＞10 years) ， large (＞ 100 km~2), and isolated by deep water or sand. Using effective MPAs with four or five key features as an unfished standard, comparisons of underwater survey data from effective MPAs with predictions based on survey data from tished coasts indicate that total fish biomass has declined about two-thirds from historical baselines as a result of fishing. Effective MPAs also had twice as many large (＞250 mm total length) fish species per transect, five times more large fish biomass, and fourteen times more shark biomass than fished areas. Most (59%) of the MPAs studied had only one or two key features and were not ecologically distinguishable from fished sites. Our results show that global conservation targets based on area alone will not optimize protection of marine biodiversity. More emphasis is needed on better MPA design, durable management and compliance to ensure that MPAs achieve their desired conservation value.%海洋保护区是海洋保护策略的一个重要的、不断扩大的构成部分，但它们的有效性却各不相同，而且存在很多争议。本文作者对来自全球一些捕捞区域和87个海洋保护区的数据进行了整合，发现一个保护区的有效性取决于五个关键问题：所允许的捕捞量有多大、相关规定的执行程度、保护措施实行了多长时间、保护区的面积和保护区的隔离程度。只有当这五个条件全部满足时，保护工作才有保障。
机译：根据《生物多样性公约》商定的全球目标，海洋保护区（MPA）的数量正在迅速增加，但海洋保护区所产生的社会经济利益仍然难以预测，并且仍在辩论中。由于诸如非法采伐，合法允许有害采伐的法规或由于连续栖息地或保护区规模不足而使动物迁出边界等因素，MPA常常无法发挥其全部潜力。在此我们发现，全世界范围内被调查的87种MPA的保护效益随着以下五个主要特征的积累而呈指数增长：不取食，执行得当，陈年（＞ 10年），大（＞ 100 km〜2），并被深水或大水隔离。砂。使用具有四个或五个关键特征的有效MPA作为未捕捞标准，将有效MPA的水下调查数据与基于潮汐海岸调查数据的预测进行的比较表明，捕鱼导致鱼类总生物量比历史基准下降了约三分之二。有效的MPA的每个样带的大型鱼类（总长度> 250毫米）也比捕鱼区多两倍，大型鱼类生物量多五倍，鲨鱼生物量多十四倍。所研究的大多数MPA（59％）仅具有一个或两个关键特征，在生态上与渔场没有区别。我们的结果表明，仅基于区域的全球保护目标不会优化对海洋生物多样性的保护。需要更多地强调更好的MPA设计，持久性管理和合规性，以确保MPA达到其期望的保护价值。％海洋保护区是海洋保护策略的一个重要的，不断扩大的构成部分，但它们的切实却各不相同，而且存在很多争议。本文作者来自全球一些捕捞区域和87个海洋保护区的数据进行了整合，发现一个保护区的合理的多个关键问题：所允许的捕捞量有多大，相关规定的执行程度，保护措施实行了多重，保护区的面积和保护区的隔离程度。只有当这五个条件全部满足时，保护工作才有保障。

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  • 来源
    《Nature》 |2014年第7487期|216-220121|共6页
  • 作者

    Graham J. Edgar; Rick D. Stuart-Smith; Trevor J. Willis; Stuart Kininmonth; Susan C.Baker; Stuart Banks; Neville S. Barrett; Mikel A. Becerro; Anthony T. F. Bernard; Just Berkhout; Colin D. Buxton; Stuart J. Campbell; Antonia T. Cooper; Marlene Davey; Sophie C. Edgar; Giinter Foersterra; David E. Galvan; Alejo J. Irigoyen; David J. Kushner; Rodrigo Moura; P. Ed Parnell; Nick T. Shears; German Soler; Elisabeth M. A. Strain; Russell J. Thomson;

  • 作者单位

    Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, GPO Box 252-49, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia;

    Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, GPO Box 252-49, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia;

    Institute of Marine Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Ferry Road, Portsmouth PO4 9LY,UK;

    Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, GPO Box 252-49, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia,Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Kraftriket 2B, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden;

    School of Plant Science, University of Tasmania.GPO Box 252, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia;

    Charles Darwin Foundation, Puerto Ayora, Galapagos, Ecuador;

    Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, GPO Box 252-49, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia;

    The Bites Lab, Natural Products and Agrobiology Institute (IPNA-CSIC), 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain;

    Elwandle Node, South African Environmental Observation network, Private Bag 1015,Grahamstown 6140, South Africa;

    Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, GPO Box 252-49, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia;

    Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, GPO Box 252-49, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia;

    Wildlife Conservation Society, Indonesia Marine Program, Jalan Atletik No. 8, BogorJawa Barat 16151, Indonesia;

    Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, GPO Box 252-49, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia;

    Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, GPO Box 252-49, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia;

    Department of Water, Perth, Western Australia 6000, Australia;

    Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Escuela de Ciencias del Mar, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Valparaiso, Valparaiso, Chile;

    Centro Nacional Patagonico, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificasy Tecnicas, Bvd Brown 2915,9120 Puerto Madryn, Argentina;

    Centro Nacional Patagonico, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificasy Tecnicas, Bvd Brown 2915,9120 Puerto Madryn, Argentina;

    Channel Islands National Park, United States National Park Service, 1901 Spinnaker Dr., Ventura, California 93001, USA;

    lnstituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho373, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil;

    Scripps Institution of Oceanography,UC San Diego,Mail Code0227,9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla,Ca!ifornia92093-0227,USA;

    Leigh Marine Laboratory.University of Auckland, 160 Goat Island Road, Leigh 0985, New Zealand;

    Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, GPO Box 252-49, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia;

    Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche ed Ambientali, Universita di Bologna, Via San Alberto, Ravenna 163-48123, Italy;

    Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, GPO Box 252-49, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia;

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