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Melanosome evolution indicates a key physiological shift within feathered dinosaurs

机译：黑素体的进化表明羽毛恐龙内部的关键生理转变

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摘要

Inference of colour patterning in extinct dinosaurs has been based on the relationship between the morphology of melanin-containing organelles (melanosomes) and colour in extant bird feathers. When this relationship evolved relative to the origin of feathers and other novel integumentary structures, such as hair and filamentous body covering in extinct archosaurs, has not been evaluated. Here we sample melanosomes from the integument of 181 extant amniote taxa and 13 lizard, turtle, dinosaur and pterosaur fossils from the Upper-Jurassic and Lower-Cretaceous of China. We find that in the lineage leading to birds, the observed increase in the diversity of melanosome morphologies appears abruptly, near the origin of pinnate feathers in maniraptoran dinosaurs. Similarly, mammals show an increased diversity of melanosome form compared to all ecto-thermic amniotes. In these two clades, mammals and maniraptoran dinosaurs including birds, melanosome form and colour are linked and colour reconstruction may be possible. By contrast, melanosomes in lizard, turtle and crocodilian skin, as well as the archosaurian filamentous body coverings (dinosaur 'protofeathers' and pterosaur 'pycnofibres'), show a limited diversity of form that is uncorrelated with colour in extant taxa. These patterns may be explained by convergent changes in the key melanocortin system of mammals and birds, which is known to affect pleiotropically both melanin-based colouration and energetic processes such as metabolic rate in vertebrates, and may therefore support a significant physiological shift in maniraptoran dinosaurs.
机译：灭绝恐龙中颜色图案的推断是基于含黑色素细胞器（黑​​素体）的形态与现存鸟类羽毛颜色之间的关系。当这种关系相对于羽毛和其他新颖的外皮结构（例如灭绝的恐龙中的头发和丝状身体覆盖物）的起源发展时，尚未进行评估。在这里，我们从中国现存的侏罗纪和下白垩纪的181种现存羊膜类和13种蜥蜴，乌龟，恐龙和翼龙化石的外皮中提取了黑色素体。我们发现，在导致鸟类的世系中，观察到的黑素体形态多样性的增加突然出现在接近Maniraptoran恐龙的羽状羽毛起源的地方。同样，与所有体外热羊膜动物相比，哺乳动物的黑素体形式多样性增加。在这两个进化枝中，哺乳动物和Maniraptoran恐龙（包括鸟类，黑素体形式和颜色）是相互联系的，并且可能进行颜色重建。相比之下，蜥蜴，乌龟和鳄鱼皮中的黑素体，以及始祖龙的丝状体覆盖物（恐龙的“原羽”和翼龙的“ pycnofibres”），其形态的多样性与现存的分类单元的颜色无关。这些模式可以通过哺乳动物和鸟类的关键黑皮质素系统的趋同变化来解释，众所周知，黑素皮质素系统会多效地影响基于黑色素的着色和脊椎动物的代谢率等能量过程，因此可能支持Maniraptoran恐龙的显着生理转变。 。

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  • 来源
    《Nature》 |2014年第7492期|350-353|共4页
  • 作者

    Quanguo Li; Julia A. Clarke; Ke-Qin Gao; Chang-Fu Zhou; Qingjin Meng; Daliang Li; Liliana DAlba; Matthew D. Shawkey;

  • 作者单位

    State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China;

    Department of Geological Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station C1100, Austin, Texas 78712, USA;

    School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China;

    Institute of Paleontology, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang 110034, China;

    Beijing Museum of Natural History, 126 Tianqiao South Street, Beijing 100050, China;

    Museum of China University of Geosciences (Beijing), 29 Xueyuan Road, 100083, China;

    Department of Biology and Integrated Bioscience Program, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3908, USA;

    Department of Biology and Integrated Bioscience Program, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3908, USA;

  • 收录信息 美国《科学引文索引》(SCI);美国《工程索引》(EI);美国《生物学医学文摘》(MEDLINE);美国《化学文摘》(CA);
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