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Consequences of biodiversity loss for litter decomposition across biomes

机译：生物群落中凋落物分解的生物多样性丧失后果

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摘要

The decomposition of dead organic matter is a major determinant of carbon and nutrient cycling in ecosystems, and of carbon fluxes between the biosphere and the atmosphere. Decomposition is driven by a vast diversity of organisms that are structured in complex food webs. Identifying the mechanisms underlying the effects of biodiversity on decomposition is critical given the rapid loss of species worldwide and the effects of this loss on human well-being. Yet despite comprehensive syntheses of studies on how biodiversity affects litter decomposition, key questions remain, including when, where and how biodiversity has a role and whether general patterns and mechanisms occur across ecosystems and different functional types of organism. Here, in field experiments across five terrestrial and aquatic locations, ranging from the subarctic to the tropics, we show that reducing the functional diversity of decomposer organisms and plant Utter types slowed the cycling of litter carbon and nitrogen. Moreover, we found evidence of nitrogen transfer from the litter of nitrogen-fixing plants to that of rapidly decomposing plants, but not between other plant functional types, highlighting that specific interactions in litter mixtures control carbon and nitrogen cycling during decomposition. The emergence of this general mechanism and the coherence of patterns across contrasting terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems suggest that biodiversity loss has consistent consequences for litter decomposition and the cycling of major elements on broad spatial scales.
机译：死有机物的分解是生态系统中碳和养分循环以及生物圈与大气之间的碳通量的主要决定因素。分解是由结构复杂的食物网中构成的多种生物驱动的。鉴于全世界物种的迅速丧失以及这种丧失对人类福祉的影响，确定生物多样性对分解作用的潜在机制至关重要。尽管对生物多样性如何影响垃圾分解进行了综合研究，但仍然存在关键问题，包括生物多样性何时，何地，如何发挥作用，以及生态系统和不同功能类型的生物是否出现了一般的模式和机制。在这里，在从亚北极到热带的五个陆地和水生位置的野外试验中，我们表明减少分解生物的功能多样性和植物Utter类型减慢了凋落物碳和氮的循环。此外，我们发现了氮从固氮植物的凋落物向快速分解植物的凋落物转移的证据，但在其他植物功能类型之间没有转移的证据，这表明凋落物混合物中的特定相互作用控制了分解过程中的碳和氮循环。这种一般性机制的出现以及不同的陆地和水生生态系统的模式连贯性表明，生物多样性丧失对凋落物分解和主要元素在广泛的空间尺度上的循环产生了一致的影响。

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  • 来源
    《Nature》 |2014年第7499期|218-221|共4页
  • 作者

    I. Tanya Handa; Rien Aerts; Frank Berendse; Matty P. Berg; Andreas Bruder; Olaf Butenschoen; Eric Chauvet; Mark O. Gessner; Jeremy Jabiol; Marika Makkonen; Brendan G. McKie; Bjoern Malmqvist; Edwin T. H. M. Peeters; Stefan Scheu; Bernhard Schmid; Jasper van Ruijven; Veronique C. A. Vos; Stephan Haettenschwiler;

  • 作者单位

    Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), CNRS, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France,Departement des Sciences Biologiques, Universite du Quebec a Montreal, C.P. 8888, succursale Centre-ville, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3P8, Canada;

    Department of Ecological Science, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands;

    Nature Conservation and Plant Ecology Group, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 3a, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands;

    Department of Ecological Science, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands;

    Department of Aquatic Ecology, Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, UEberlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dubendorf, Switzerland,Institute of Integrative Biology (IBZ), ETH Zuerich, 8092 Zuerich, Switzerland;

    Georg August University Goettingen, J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Berliner Strasse 28, 37073 Goettingen, Germany;

    Universite de Toulouse, INP, UPS, EcoLab (Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement), 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex, France,CNRS, EcoLab, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex, France;

    Department of Aquatic Ecology, Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, UEberlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dubendorf, Switzerland,Institute of Integrative Biology (IBZ), ETH Zuerich, 8092 Zuerich, Switzerland,Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Alte Fischerhuette 2, 16775 Stechlin, Germany,Department of Ecology, Berlin Institute of Technology (TU Berlin), Ernst-Reuter-Platz 1, 10587 Berlin, Germany;

    Universite de Toulouse, INP, UPS, EcoLab (Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement), 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex, France,CNRS, EcoLab, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex, France;

    Department of Ecological Science, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands,Climate Change Programme, Finnish Environment Institute, PO Box 140, 00251 Helsinki, Finland;

    Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umea University, 90187 Umea, Sweden,Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7050, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden;

    Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Wageningen University, PO Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands;

    Georg August University Goettingen, J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Berliner Strasse 28, 37073 Goettingen, Germany;

    Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies & Zuerich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zuerich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zuerich, Switzerland;

    Nature Conservation and Plant Ecology Group, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 3a, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands;

    Nature Conservation and Plant Ecology Group, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 3a, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands;

    Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), CNRS, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France;

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