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The long-term maintenance of a resistance polymorphism through diffuse interactions

机译：通过扩散相互作用长期维持抗性多态性

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摘要

Plant resistance (R) genes are a crucial component in plant defence against pathogens. Although R genes often fail to provide durable resistance in an agricultural context, they frequently persist as long-lived balanced polymorphisms in nature. Standard theory explains the maintenance of such polymorphisms through a balance of the costs and benefits of resistance and virulence in a tightly coevolving host-pathogen pair. However, many plant-pathogen interactions lack such specificity. Whether, and how, balanced polymorphisms are maintained in diffusely interacting species8 is unknown. Here we identify a naturally interacting R gene and effector pair in Arabidopsis thaliana and its facultative plant pathogen, Pseudomonas syringae. The protein encoded by the R gene RPS5 recognizes an AvrPphB homologue (AvrPphB2) and exhibits a balanced polymorphism that has been maintained for over 2 million years (ref. 3). Consistent with the presence of an ancient balanced polymorphism, the R gene confers a benefit when plants are infected with P. syringae carrying avrPphB2 but also incurs a large cost in the absence of infection. RPS5 alleles are maintained at intermediate frequencies in populations globally, suggesting ubiquitous selection for resistance. However, the presence of P. syringae carrying avrPphB is probably insufficient to explain the RPS5 polymorphism. First, avrPphB homologues occur at very low frequencies in P. syringae populations on A. thaliana. Second, AvrPphB only rarely confers a virulence benefit to P, syringae on A. thaliana. Instead, we find evidence that selection for involves multiple non-homologous effectors and multiple pathogen species. These results and an associated model suggest that the R gene polymorphism in A. thaliana may not be maintained through a tightly coupled interaction involving a single coevolved R gene and effector pair. More likely, the stable polymorphism is maintained through complex and diffuse community-wide interactions.
机译：植物抗性（R）基因是植物抵抗病原体的重要组成部分。尽管R基因通常无法在农业环境中提供持久的抗性，但它们经常作为自然界中长期存在的平衡多态性而持续存在。标准理论通过在紧密进化的宿主-病原体对中抵抗和毒力的成本和收益之间的平衡来解释这种多态性的维持。但是，许多植物与病原体的相互作用缺乏这种特异性。在弥散相互作用的物种中是否以及如何保持平衡的多态性尚不清楚。在这里，我们在拟南芥及其兼性植物病原体丁香假单胞菌中鉴定了一个天然相互作用的R基因和效应子对。由R基因RPS5编码的蛋白质识别一个AvrPphB同源物（AvrPphB2），并表现出一种平衡的多态性，这种多态性已经维持了200万多年（参考文献3）。与古代平衡多态性的存在相一致，当植物被携带avrPphB2的丁香假单胞菌感染时，R基因会带来好处，但在没有感染的情况下会产生高昂的成本。 RPS5等位基因在全球人群中均处于中等频率，这表明抗性的选择普遍存在。但是，携带avrPphB的丁香假单胞菌的存在可能不足以解释RPS5多态性。首先，avrPphB同源物在拟南芥的丁香假单胞菌种群中以非常低的频率出现。其次，AvrPphB仅极少赋予拟南芥A丁香假单胞菌的毒力。取而代之的是，我们发现证据表明选择涉及多个非同源效应子和多种病原体。这些结果和相关的模型表明，拟南芥中的R基因多态性可能不会通过涉及单个共同进化的R基因和效应子对的紧密偶联相互作用而得以维持。通过复杂和分散的社区范围的交互作用，可以维持稳定的多态性。

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  • 来源
    《Nature》 |2014年第7515期|436-440|共5页
  • 作者

    Talia L. Karasov; Joel M. Kniskern; Liping Gao; Brody J. DeYoung; Jing Ding; Ullrich Dubiella; Ruben O. Lastra; Sumitha Nallu; Fabrice Roux; Roger W. Innes; Luke G. Barrett; Richard R. Hudson; Joy Bergelson;

  • 作者单位

    Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA, Committee on Genetics Genomics and Systems Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA;

    Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA, Monsanto Vegetable Seeds, 37437 State Highway 16, Woodland, California 95695, USA;

    Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA;

    Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA;

    Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA, State Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China;

    Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA;

    Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA;

    Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA;

    INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR441, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France, CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR2594, F-31326 Casta net-Tolosan, France, Laboratoire Genetique et Evolution des Populations Vegetales, UMR CNRS 8198, Universite des Sciences et Technologies de Lille-Lille 1, F-59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France;

    Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA;

    Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA, CSIRO Plant Industry, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia;

    Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA;

    Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA;

  • 收录信息 美国《科学引文索引》(SCI);美国《工程索引》(EI);美国《生物学医学文摘》(MEDLINE);美国《化学文摘》(CA);
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