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Amphibious flies and paedomorphism in the Jurassic period

机译:侏罗纪时期的两栖蝇类和古同种

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摘要

The species of the Strashilidae (strashilids) have been the most perplexing of fossil insects from the Jurassic period of Russia and China. They have been widely considered to be ectoparasites of pterosaurs or feathered dinosaurs, based on the putative presence of piercing and sucking mouthparts and hind tibio-basitarsal pincers purportedly used to fix onto the host's hairs or feathers. Both the supposed host and parasite occur in the Daohugou beds from the Middle Jurassic epoch of China (approximately 165 million years ago). Here we analyse the morphology of strashilids from the Daohugou beds, and reach markedly different conclusions; namely that strashilids are highly specialized flies (Diptera) bearing large membranous wings, with substantial sexual dimorphism of the hind legs and abdominal extensions. The idea that they belong to an extinct order is unsupported, and the lineage can be placed within the true flies. In terms of major morphological and inferred behavioural features, strashilids resemble the recent (extant) and relict members of the aquatic fly family Nymphomyiidae. Their ontogeny are distinguished by the persistence in adult males of larval abdominal respiratory gills, representing a unique case of paedomorphism among endopterygote insects. Adult strashilids were probably aquatic or amphibious, shedding their wings after emergence and mating in the water.%由于化石标本极少和一些新颖的特点,来自侏rn罗纪的strashilid化石昆虫过去一般被认为是飞rn龙或有羽毛恐龙身上类似跳蚤的寄生虫。来自rn中国侏罗纪中期距今大约1.65亿年的13个新标rn本的发现彻底改变了这一观点。这些像螫一rn样、曾被认为是用来向寄主身上附着的腿被发rn现只见于雄性,更可能是被用来在交配过程中rn抓雌性的。被认为适于吸血的口器在成年个体rn中已退化。而且,一些标本还有翅膀和鳃。看rn来,成年strashilid是水生的或两栖的,在水中rn出现和交配之后便使自己的翅膀脱落了。
机译:Strashilidae(strashilids)的物种是俄罗斯和中国侏罗纪时期最令人困惑的化石昆虫。基于公认的刺穿和吮吸口器以及据称用于固定在宿主毛发或羽毛上的后胫骨基底钳的假定存在,它们被广泛认为是翼龙或羽毛恐龙的外寄生虫。假定的宿主和寄生虫都发生在中国中侏罗纪(大约1.65亿年前)的道虎沟床中。在这里,我们分析了稻湖沟床地层石笋的形态,得出了截然不同的结论。也就是说,石ashi科是高度专业化的蝇类(双翅类),带有大型的膜翅,后腿和腹部伸展有明显的两性性。他们属于灭绝物种的想法不受支持,并且血统可以放在真实的苍蝇中。就主要的形态学和推断的行为特征而言,石ashi科动物类似于水生蝇科Nymphomyiidae的(现存的)和遗存的成员。它们的个体发育以成年幼虫腹部呼吸g的持久性为特征,这代表着内翅类昆虫中昆虫的同种异型。成年的石ashi科动物可能是水生的或两栖的,在出苗并在水中交配后脱落了翅膀。%由于化石标本极少和一些新颖的特点,来自侏儒罗纪的石ashi科动物一百六十亿年的13个新标rn本的发现彻底改变了这一观点。这些像螫一rn样,曾被认为是用作向寄主主体身上附着的腿被发rn现只见于雄性,更可能是被用作在交配过程中rn抓雌性的。被认为吸收吸血的口器在成年个体rn中已退化。而且,一些标本还有翅膀和鳃。看rn来,成年strashilid是水生的或两栖的,在水中rn出现和交配之后便使自己的翅膀掉了。

著录项

  • 来源
    《Nature》 |2013年第7439期|94-97B2|共5页
  • 作者单位

    State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China;

    CNRS UMR 7205, CP 50, Entomologie,Museum nationald'Histoirenaturelle, Paris F-75005, France;

    State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China;

    State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China;

    Division of Entomology, Natural History Museum, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA,Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA;

  • 收录信息 美国《科学引文索引》(SCI);美国《工程索引》(EI);美国《生物学医学文摘》(MEDLINE);美国《化学文摘》(CA);
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