A leaf that's loud and proud

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A leaf that's loud and proud

机译：一片大声而自豪的叶子

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Many plants lure pollinators to their flowers with diverse colours and patterns, but Marcgravia evenia (pictured) has evolved to attract pollinators that rely on sound rather than sight. The Cuban rainforest vine grows a deep cup-shaped leaf above its flowers that creates a distinct echo for nectar-feeding bats. Ralph Simon at the University of Ulm in Germany and his colleagues analysed the leaf's acoustic properties and found that its unique shape produces a strong, constant echo across a range of sound-source angles. They then trained bats to seek a feeder hidden in artificial foliage. The animals found feeders topped with the cup shape in an average of 12 seconds - around half the time it took them to locate unadorned feeders or those under other leaf shapes.

机译：许多植物以不同的颜色和图案吸引授粉媒介到花朵上，但是Marcgravia evenia（如图）已经发展为吸引依赖声音而不是视觉的授粉媒介。古巴的雨林藤蔓在其花朵上方生长出深杯形的叶子，为采食花蜜的蝙蝠产生独特的回声。德国乌尔姆大学的拉尔夫·西蒙（Ralph Simon）及其同事分析了叶片的声学特性，发现叶片的独特形状在各种声源角度范围内都能产生强劲而恒定的回声。然后，他们训练蝙蝠以寻找隐藏在人造树叶中的喂食器。这些动物发现，喂食器平均要在12秒钟内达到杯形，这大约是它们找到无装饰喂食器或其他叶子形状的喂食器所需时间的一半。

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《Nature》 |2011年第7358期|p.8|共1页
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收录信息美国《科学引文索引》(SCI);美国《工程索引》(EI);美国《生物学医学文摘》(MEDLINE);美国《化学文摘》(CA);
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1. Acoustic structure of male loud-calls support molecular phylogeny of Sumatran and Javanese leaf monkeys (genus Presbytis) [J] . Dirk Meyer, John K Hodges, Dones Rinaldi, BMC Evolutionary Biology . 2012,第1期

机译：雄性大声鸣声的声学结构支持苏门答腊和爪哇叶猴（Presbytis属）的分子系统发育
2. Acoustic structure of male loud-calls support molecular phylogeny of Sumatran and Javanese leaf monkeys (genus Presbytis ) [J] . Dirk Meyer, John K Hodges, Dones Rinaldi, BMC Evolutionary Biology . 2012,第1期

机译：男性响声的声学结构苏门答腊和爪哇叶猴（Presbytis属）的分子系统
3. Loudness changes induced by a proximal sound: Loudness enhancement, loudness recalibration, or both? [J] . Oberfeld D The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America . 2007,第4期

机译：由近端声音引起的响度变化：响度增强，响度重新校准，或两者兼而有之？
4. Non-classical, bounded Fechnerian integration for loudness: contrary to Luce and Edwards, initial loudness-difference-size stipulations are only recouped for linear loudness growth [C] . Lance Nizatni Audio Engineering Society Convention . 2020

机译：非古典界限的响度的集成：与澜夫和爱德华州相反，初始响度差异规定的规定仅用于线性响度增长
5. Development of an Improved Time Varying Loudness Model with the Inclusion of Binaural Loudness Summation. [D] . Charbonneau, Jeremy. 2017

机译：包含双耳响度求和的改进时变响度模型的开发。
6. Acoustic structure of male loud-calls support molecular phylogeny of Sumatran and Javanese leaf monkeys (genus Presbytis) [O] . Dirk Meyer, John K Hodges, Dones Rinaldi, 2012

机译：雄性大声鸣声的声学结构支持苏门答腊和爪哇叶猴（Presbytis属）的分子系统发育
7. Uni- and bilateral spectral loudness summation and binaural loudness summation with loudness matching and categorical loudness scaling [O] . Maarten van Beurden, Monique Boymans, Mirjam van Geleuken, 2020

机译：响度匹配和分类响度缩放的单侧和双边光谱响度求和和双耳响度求和

A leaf that's loud and proud

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