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Early dispersal of modern humans in Europe and implications for Neanderthal behaviour

机译：欧洲现代人的早期传播及其对尼安德特人行为的影响

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摘要

在解剖上,现代人被认为是在距今44,000～rn42,000年前到达欧洲的.关于早期人类的物理rn证据很少,这些年代所依据的基本上是关于各rn类石器的研究工作.本期Nature上发表的两篇rn论文,利用最新放射碳年代测定和形态分析方rn法来重新评估博物馆中的原人样本.Higrlartl等rn人研究了来自英国Kent's Cavern的ALIrignaciarlrn时期考古点的一块人上颌骨(这块上颔骨是rn1927年发现的,以前将其年代确定为35,000年rn左右),得出其年龄为44.200～41,500年.下rn颌骨的牙齿形态表明,其作为早期人类、而不rn是作为"穴居人"(尼安德特人)的属性是可靠rn的.Berlazzi等人重新分析了来自意大利南部rnUluzziarl时期考古点Grotta del Cavallo的两颗rn牙齿,得出结论认为,它们肯定是现代人,而不rn是"穴居人",其所生活的年代距今约45,OOO～43,000年.从这项研究工作得出的进一步结论rn是,欧洲南部的UILJzziarl文化(从地层学上来说,rn这种文化总是在作为现代人标志的Aurignaciarlrn文化之下发现的)可能代表着欧洲最早的现代rn人,而不是最后的"穴居人".%The appearance of anatomically modern humans in Europe and the nature of the transition from the Middle to Upper Palaeolithic are matters of intense debate. Most researchers accept that before the arrival of anatomically modern humans, Neanderthals had adopted several 'transitional' technocomplexes. Two of these, the Uluzzian of southern Europe and the Chatelperronian of western Europe, are key to current interpretations regarding the timing of arrival of anatomically modern humans in the region and their potential interaction with Neanderthal populations. They are also central to current debates regarding the cognitive abilities of Neanderthals and the reasons behind their extinction1"6. However, the actual fossil evidence associated with these assemblages is scant and fragmentary, and recent work has questioned the attribution of the Chatelperronian to Neanderthals on the basis of taphonomic mixing and lithic analysis. Here we reanalyse the deciduous molars from the Grotta del Cavallo (southern Italy), associated with the Uluzzian and originally classified as Neanderthal13'14. Using two independent morphometric methods based on microtomographic data, we show that the Cavallo specimens can be attributed to anatomically modern humans. The secure context of the teeth provides crucial evidence that the makers of the Uluzzian technocomplex were therefore not Neanderthals. In addition, new chronometric data for the Uluzzian layers of Grotta del Cavallo obtained from associated shell beads and included within a Bayesian age model show that the teeth must date to ～45,000-43,000 calendar years before present. The Cavallo human remains are therefore the oldest known European anatomically modern humans, confirming a rapid dispersal of modern humans across the continent before the Aurignacian and the disappearance of Neanderthals.
机译：在解剖上,现代人被认为是在距今44,000～rn42,000年前到达欧洲的.关于早期人类的物理rn证据很少,这些年代所依据的基本上是关于各rn类石器的研究工作.本期Nature上发表的两篇rn论文,利用最新放射碳年代测定和形态分析方rn法来重新评估博物馆中的原人样本.Higrlartl等rn人研究了来自英国Kent's Cavern的ALIrignaciarlrn时期考古点的一块人上颌骨(这块上颔骨是rn1927年发现的,以前将其年代确定为35,000年rn左右),得出其年龄为44.200～41,500年.下rn颌骨的牙齿形态表明,其作为早期人类、而不rn是作为"穴居人"(尼安德特人)的属性是可靠rn的.Berlazzi等人重新分析了来自意大利南部rnUluzziarl时期考古点Grotta del Cavallo的两颗rn牙齿,得出结论认为,它们肯定是现代人,而不rn是"穴居人",其所生活的年代距今约45,OOO～43,000年.从这项研究工作得出的进一步结论rn是,欧洲南部的UILJzziarl文化(从地层学上来说,rn这种文化总是在作为现代人标志的Aurignaciarlrn文化之下发现的)可能代表着欧洲最早的现代rn人,而不是最后的"穴居人".%The appearance of anatomically modern humans in Europe and the nature of the transition from the Middle to Upper Palaeolithic are matters of intense debate. Most researchers accept that before the arrival of anatomically modern humans, Neanderthals had adopted several 'transitional' technocomplexes. Two of these, the Uluzzian of southern Europe and the Chatelperronian of western Europe, are key to current interpretations regarding the timing of arrival of anatomically modern humans in the region and their potential interaction with Neanderthal populations. They are also central to current debates regarding the cognitive abilities of Neanderthals and the reasons behind their extinction1"6. However, the actual fossil evidence associated with these assemblages is scant and fragmentary, and recent work has questioned the attribution of the Chatelperronian to Neanderthals on the basis of taphonomic mixing and lithic analysis. Here we reanalyse the deciduous molars from the Grotta del Cavallo (southern Italy), associated with the Uluzzian and originally classified as Neanderthal13'14. Using two independent morphometric methods based on microtomographic data, we show that the Cavallo specimens can be attributed to anatomically modern humans. The secure context of the teeth provides crucial evidence that the makers of the Uluzzian technocomplex were therefore not Neanderthals. In addition, new chronometric data for the Uluzzian layers of Grotta del Cavallo obtained from associated shell beads and included within a Bayesian age model show that the teeth must date to ～45,000-43,000 calendar years before present. The Cavallo human remains are therefore the oldest known European anatomically modern humans, confirming a rapid dispersal of modern humans across the continent before the Aurignacian and the disappearance of Neanderthals.

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  • 来源
    《Nature》 |2011年第7374期|p.525-528A1A2|共6页
  • 作者

    Stefano Benazzi; Katerina Douka; Cinzia Fornai; Catherine C. Bauer; Ottmar Kullmer; Jifi Svoboda; Ildiko Pap; Francesco Mallegni; Priscilla Bayle; Michael Coquerelle; Silvana Condemi; Annamaria Ronchitelli; Katerina Harvati; Gerhard W. Weber;

  • 作者单位

    Department of Anthropology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14,1090 Vienna, Austria;

    Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit, Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, University of Oxford, Dyson Perrins Building, South Parks Road, Oxford 0X1 3QY, UK;

    Department of Anthropology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14,1090 Vienna, Austria;

    Paleoanthropology, Department of Early Prehistory and Quaternary Ecology, Eberhard Karls Universttat Tubingen, Rumelnstrasse 23, Tubingen 72070, Germany;

    Department of Paleoanthropology and Messel Research, Senckenberg Research Institute Frankfurt, Senckenberganlage 25, D-60325 Frankfurt, Germany;

    Institute of Archaeology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Kralovopolska 147,612 00 Brno, Czech Republic,Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Vinarska 5,603 00 Brno, Czech Republic;

    Department of Anthropology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, Ludovikater 2-6,1083 Budapest, Hungary;

    Ddepartment of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Maria 53,56126 Pisa, Italy;

    UMR5199 PACEA, Universite Bordeaux 1, avenue desFacultes, 33405 Talence, France;

    Paleoanthropology group, Department of Paleobiology Museo NacionaldeCiencias Naturales(MNCM-CSIC), C/Jose Gutierrez Abascal 2,28006 Madrid, Spain;

    UMR 6578 CNRS/Aix Marseille/EFS, Laboratoire d'Anthropologie Bioculturelle, Faculte de Medecine/Secteur Nord, CS80011 Bd Pierre Dramard 13344, Marseille Cedex 15, France;

    Department of Environmental Sciences "G. Sarfatti", U.R. Prehistoric Ecology, University of Siena, via T. Pendola 62, 53100 Siena, Italy;

    Paleoanthropology, Department of Early Prehistory and Quaternary Ecology, Eberhard Karls Universttat Tubingen, Rumelnstrasse 23, Tubingen 72070, Germany,Senckenberg Center for Human Evolution and Paleoecology, Eberhard Karls Universitat Tubingen, Rumelnstrasse 23, Tubingen 72070, Germany;

    Department of Anthropology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14,1090 Vienna, Austria;

  • 收录信息 美国《科学引文索引》(SCI);美国《工程索引》(EI);美国《生物学医学文摘》(MEDLINE);美国《化学文摘》(CA);
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