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Acute vision in the giant Cambrian predator Anomalocaris and the origin of compound eyes

机译：巨大的寒武纪捕食者异常动物的急性视力和复眼的起源

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摘要

Until recently, intricate details of the optical design of non-biomineralized arthropod eyes remained elusive in Cambrian Burgess-Shale-type deposits, despite exceptional preservation of soft-part anatomy in such Konservat-Lagerstatten. The structure and development of ommatidia in arthropod compound eyes support a single origin some time before the latest common ancestor of crown-group arthropods, but the appearance of compound eyes in the arthropod stem group has been poorly constrained in the absence of adequate fossils. Here we report 2-3-cm paired eyes from the early Cambrian (approximately 515 million years old) Emu Bay Shale of South Australia, assigned to the Cambrian apex predator Anomalocaris. Their preserved visual surfaces are composed of at least 16,000 hexagonally packed ommatidial lenses (in a single eye), rivalling the most acute compound eyes in modern arthropods. The specimens show two distinct taphonomic modes, preserved as iron oxide (after pyrite) and calcium phosphate, demonstrating that disparate styles of early diagenetic mineralization can replicate the same type of extracellular tissue (that is, cuticle) within a single Burgess-Shale-type deposit. These fossils also provide compelling evidence for the arthropod affinities of anomalocaridids, push the origin of compound eyes deeper down the arthropod stem lineage, and indicate that the compound eye evolved before such features as a hardened exoskeleton. The inferred acuity of the anomalocaridid eye is consistent with other evidence that these animals were highly mobile visual predators in the water column. The existence of large, macrophagous nektonic predators possessing sharp vision-such as Anomalocaris-within the early Cambrian ecosystem probably helped to accelerate the escalatory 'arms race' that began over half a billion years ago.
机译：直到最近，尽管在这样的Konservat-Lagerstatten中保留了软部分解剖结构，但非生物矿化节肢动物眼的光学设计的复杂细节在寒武纪Burgess-Shale型沉积物中仍然难以捉摸。节肢动物复眼的眼孔眼的结构和发育在冠状节肢动物的最新共同祖先之前的某个时间支持单一起源，但是由于缺乏足够的化石，节肢动物茎群中复眼的出现受到了严格的限制。在这里，我们报告了来自南澳大利亚早期寒武纪（约有5.15亿年历史）的mu湾页岩的2-3-cm对眼睛，它们被分配给了寒武纪先头掠食性动物Anomalocaris。它们保留的视觉表面由至少16,000个六角形包装的兽眼镜（一只眼睛）组成，可与现代节肢动物中最敏锐的复眼媲美。标本显示两种截然不同的模式，分别保存为氧化铁（黄铁矿后）和磷酸钙，表明早期成岩作用的不同样式可以在单个Burgess-Shale类型中复制相同类型的细胞外组织（即表皮）。存款。这些化石还为异常节肢动物的节肢动物亲和力提供了令人信服的证据，将复眼的起源推到了节肢动物茎谱系的深处，并表明复眼在诸如硬化外骨骼之类的特征之前就已经进化了。推断异常眼的敏锐度与其他证据一致，这些证据表明这些动物是水柱中高度活动的视觉掠食者。在早期的寒武纪生态系统中，存在着具有清晰视野的大型巨噬性中性掠食性动物，例如异常动物，这可能有助于加速了早在十亿年前的逐渐升级的“军备竞赛”。

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  • 来源
    《Nature》 |2011年第7376期|p.237-240|共4页
  • 作者

    John R. Paterson; Diego C. Garcia-Bellido; Michael S. Y. Lee; Glenn A. Brock; James B. Jago; Gregory D. Edgecombe;

  • 作者单位

    Division of Earth Sciences, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia;

    Departamento de Geologfa Sedimentaria y Cambio Ambiental, Instituto de Geociencias (CSIC-UCM), Jose Antonio Novais 2, Madrid 28040, Spain;

    South Australian Museum, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia,School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia;

    Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, New South Wales 2109, Australia;

    South Australian Museum, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia,School of Natural and Built Environments, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia;

    Department of Palaeontology, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK;

  • 收录信息 美国《科学引文索引》(SCI);美国《工程索引》(EI);美国《生物学医学文摘》(MEDLINE);美国《化学文摘》(CA);
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