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Turning Blight Into Bloom

机译：把枯萎变成绽放

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Humanity has passed a milestone: more people live in cities than in rural areas. The current rate of urbanization is unprecedented in our history. In 1950, only 29% of people lived in cities; by 2050,70% are projected to do so - most of them in poorer countries. Among many other issues, this rapid concentration makes cities a front line in the battles against climate change and air pollution. Confronting the challenges of rampant urbanization demands integrated, multidisciplinary approaches, and new thinking. Take the building boom associated with the increased wealth of urban areas, and its impact on greenhouse-gas emissions. In China alone, the United Nations Environmental Programme estimates that energy demand for heating homes built over the next decade could increase by some 430 terawatt-hours, or 4% of China's total energy use in 2003. Worldwide, the energy consumed by buildings already accounts for around 45% of greenhouse-gas emissions. Fortunately, researchers in Germany and elsewhere have already shown that they can reduce that energy consumption by 80-90%, just by overhauling obsolete building designs and using existing technologies (see Nature 452,520-523; 2008). These ultra-efficient buildings demand that planners, architects, engineers and building scientists work together from the outset, and require higher levels of expertise than conventional buildings. But such buildings are often cheaper than those built using conventional methods. Research is also needed to develop technologies, materials and energy concepts, but green building research today is fragmented and poorly funded. Expanding cities must embrace such technologies and strategies - and not just in the developed nations. It may seem Utopian to promote these innovations in emerging and developing-world megacities, many of whose inhabitants can barely afford a roof over their heads. But those countries have already shown a gift for technological fast-forwarding, for example, by leapfrogging the need for landline infrastructure to embrace mobile phones. And many poorer countries have a rich tradition of adapting buildings to local practices, environments and climates - a home-grown approach to integrated design that has been all but been lost in the West.
机译：人类已经跨过了一个里程碑：生活在城市的人数多于农村地区。当前的城市化速度是我们历史上前所未有的。 1950年，只有29％的人居住在城市。到2050年，预计将有70％这样做-其中大多数在较贫穷的国家。在许多其他问题中，这种迅速集中使城市成为应对气候变化和空气污染的第一线。面对猖ramp的城市化挑战，需要采取综合，多学科的方法和新思维。以与城市财富增加相关的建筑热潮及其对温室气体排放的影响为例。联合国环境规划署估计，仅在中国，未来十年供暖房屋的能源需求可能会增加约430太瓦小时，或占2003年中国能源使用总量的4％。在全球范围内，建筑物所消耗的能源已占约占温室气体排放量的45％。幸运的是，德国和其他地方的研究人员已经表明，仅通过检修过时的建筑设计并使用现有技术，就可以减少80-90％的能源消耗（请参阅Nature 452,520-523； 2008）。这些超高效建筑要求规划人员，建筑师，工程师和建筑科学家从一开始就共同努力，并且比传统建筑需要更高水平的专业知识。但是，这类建筑物通常比使用常规方法建造的建筑物便宜。还需要进行研究以开发技术，材料和能源概念，但是当今的绿色建筑研究支离破碎，资金匮乏。不断扩大的城市必须采用这样的技术和策略，而不仅仅是在发达国家。乌托邦人似乎在新兴和发展中国家的特大城市中推广这些创新，其中许多居民几乎买不起屋顶。但是这些国家已经展示出了技术快速进步的天赋，例如，超越了使用固定电话基础设施来容纳移动电话的需求。许多较贫穷的国家都有使建筑物适应当地实践，环境和气候的丰富传统，这是一种本土化的集成设计方法，在西方几乎消失了。

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    《Nature》 |2008年第7210期|p.137|共1页
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  • 收录信息 美国《科学引文索引》(SCI);美国《工程索引》(EI);美国《生物学医学文摘》(MEDLINE);美国《化学文摘》(CA);
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类 自然科学总论;
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