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The structure of suspended graphene sheets

机译：悬浮石墨烯片的结构

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The recent discovery of graphene has sparked much interest, thus far focused on the peculiar electronic structure of this material, in which charge carriers mimic massless relativistic particles. However, the physical structure of graphene—a single layer of carbon atoms densely packed in a honeycomb crystal lattice—is also puzzling. On the one hand, graphene appears to be a strictly two-dimensional material, exhibiting such a high crystal quality that electrons can travel submicrometre distances without scattering. On the other hand, perfect two-dimensional crystals cannot exist in the free state, according to both theory and experiment. This incompatibility can be avoided by arguing that all the graphene structures studied so far were an integral part of larger three-dimensional structures, either supported by a bulk substrate or embedded in a three-dimensional matrix. Here we report on individual graphene sheets freely suspended on a microfabri-cated scaffold in vacuum or air. These membranes are only one atom thick, yet they still display long-range crystalline order. However, our studies by transmission electron microscopy also reveal that these suspended graphene sheets are not perfectly flat: they exhibit intrinsic microscopic roughening such that the surface normal varies by several degrees and out-of-plane deformations reach 1 nm. The atomically thin single-crystal membranes offer ample scope for fundamental research and new technologies, whereas the observed corrugations in the third dimension may provide subtle reasons for the stability of two-dimensional crystals.
机译：石墨烯的最新发现引起了人们的极大兴趣，迄今为止，人们将注意力集中在这种材料的特殊电子结构上，其中电荷载流子模仿了无质量的相对论粒子。但是，石墨烯的物理结构（密集地堆积在蜂窝晶格中的单层碳原子）也令人困惑。一方面，石墨烯似乎是严格的二维材料，具有如此高的晶体质量，以至于电子可以传播亚微米距离而不会发生散射。另一方面，根据理论和实验，完美的二维晶体不可能以自由状态存在。可以通过争论迄今研究的所有石墨烯结构都是较大的三维结构的组成部分来避免这种不相容性，这些三维结构要么由块状衬底支撑，要么嵌入到三维矩阵中。在这里，我们报告了在真空或空气中自由悬浮在微型支架上的各个石墨烯片。这些膜只有一个原子厚，但是它们仍显示出远距离的结晶顺序。但是，我们通过透射电子显微镜进行的研究还表明，这些悬浮的石墨烯片并非完全平坦：它们表现出固有的微观粗糙感，因此表面法线变化了几度，并且面外变形达到1 nm。原子薄的单晶膜为基础研究和新技术提供了广阔的空间，而在三维中观察到的波纹可能为二维晶体的稳定性提供了微妙的原因。

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