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Bypassing genomic imprinting allows seed development

机译：绕过基因组印迹可实现种子发育

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In developing progeny of mammals the two parental genomes are differentially expressed according to imprinting marks, and embryos with only a uniparental genetic contribution die. Gene expression that is dependent on the parent of origin has also been observed in the offspring of flowering plants, and mutations in the imprinting machinery lead to embryonic lethality, primarily affecting the development of the endosperm-a structure in the seed that nourishes the embryo, analogous to the function of the mammalian placenta. Here we have generated Arabidopsis thali-ana seeds in which the endosperm is of uniparental, that is, maternal, origin. We demonstrate that imprinting in developing seeds can be bypassed and viable albeit smaller seedlings can develop from seeds lacking a paternal contribution to the endosperm. Bypassing is only possible if the mother is mutant for any of the FIS-class genes, which encode Polycomb group chromatin-modifying factors. Thus, these data provide functional evidence that the action of the FIS complex balances the contribution of the paternal genome. As flowering plants have evolved a special reproduction system with a parallel fusion of two female with two male gametes, our findings support the hypothesis that only with the evolution of double fertilization did the action of the FIS genes become a requirement for seed development. Furthermore, our data argue for a gametophytic origin of endosperm in flowering plants, thereby supporting a hypothesis raised in 1900 by Eduard Strasburger.
机译：在哺乳动物的后代中，两个亲本基因组根据印迹标记差异表达，只有单亲遗传贡献的胚胎死亡。还已经在开花植物的后代中观察到了依赖于起源亲本的基因表达，并且印迹机制的突变导致胚胎致死，主要影响胚乳的发育，胚乳是种子中滋养胚胎的结构，类似于哺乳动物胎盘的功能。在这里，我们生成了拟南芥种子，其中的胚乳是单亲的，即母本的。我们证明，可以绕过发育中种子的印迹，并且可行，尽管较小的幼苗可以从缺乏父系对胚乳的贡献的种子中发育出来。仅当母亲是任何FIS类基因的突变体时才可以绕过，该基因编码Polycomb组染色质修饰因子。因此，这些数据提供了功能性证​​据，表明FIS复合体的作用平衡了父本基因组的贡献。随着开花植物进化出一种特殊的繁殖系统，使两名雌性和两个雄性配子平行融合，我们的发现支持了这样的假说，即只有通过双重受精的进化，FIS基因的作用才成为种子发育的必要条件。此外，我们的数据证明了开花植物中胚乳的配子体起源，从而支持了爱德华·史特拉斯堡（Eduard Strasburger）在1900年提出的假说。

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