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Co-mimics have a mutualistic relationship despite unequal defences

机译：尽管辩护不平等，模拟模仿者仍具有相互关系

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摘要

In the first clear mathematical treatment of natural selection, Mueller proposed that a shared warning signal (mimicry) would benefit defended prey species by sharing out the per capita mortality incurred during predator education. Although mimicry is a mainstay of adaptationist thinking, there has been repeated debate on whether there is a mutualistic or a parasitic relationship between unequally defended co-mimic species. Here we show that the relationship between unequally defended species is mutualistic. We examined this in a 'novel world' of artificial prey with wild predators (great tit, Parus major). We kept the abundance of a highly defended prey ('model') constant and increased the density of a moderately defended prey ('defended mimic') of either perfect or imperfect mimetic resemblance to the model. Both model and defended mimic showed a net benefit from a density-dependent decrease in their per capita mortality. Even when the effect of dilution through density was controlled for, defended mimics did not induce additional attacks on the model, but we found selection for accurate signal mimicry. In comparison, the addition of fully edible (batesian) mimics did increase additional attacks on the model, but as a result of dilution this resulted in no overall increase in per capita mortality. By ignoring the effects of density, current theories may have overestimated the parasitic costs imposed by less defended mimics on highly defended models.
机译：在对自然选择的第一个清晰的数学处理中，穆勒提出共享警告信号（模仿）将通过分享捕食者教育期间的人均死亡率来使被保护的猎物物种受益。尽管模仿是适应主义思想的支柱，但对于不平等捍卫的共同模仿物种之间是否存在互惠关系或寄生关系，人们反复辩论。在这里，我们表明，不平等保护的物种之间的关系是互惠的。我们在一个带有野生捕食者（大山雀，大鹦鹉）的人工捕食的“新世界”中对此进行了研究。我们使高度防御的猎物（“模型”）的丰度保持恒定，并增加了与模型完全相似或不完全相似的中等防御的猎物（“防御模拟”）的密度。无论是模型模仿者还是辩护模仿者，都显示出人均死亡率依赖密度的降低而获得了净收益。即使控制了通过密度稀释的效果，防御性模拟也不会在模型上引发其他攻击，但是我们发现选择了精确的信号模拟。相比之下，添加完全可食用的（贝茨模型）模拟物确实增加了对该模型的攻击，但是由于稀释，这并未导致人均死亡率的整体增加。通过忽略密度的影响，当前的理论可能高估了防御程度低的模仿者对防御性强的模型施加的寄生成本。

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