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Future fitness and helping in social queues

机译：未来的健身和社交队列中的帮助

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Helpers in primitively eusocial and cooperatively breeding animal societies forfeit their own reproduction to rear the offspring of a queen or breeding pair, but may eventually attain breeding status themselves. Kin selection(1) provides a widely accepted theoretical framework for understanding these societies, but differences in genetic relatedness do not explain a universal societal feature: the huge variation between individuals in helping effort(2-10). An alternative explanation for this variation lies in a fundamental trade-off faced by helpers: by working harder, they increase the indirect component of their fitness, but simultaneously decrease their own future survival and fecundity(2,4,8). Here, we show that individuals work less hard when they stand to lose more future fitness through working. We experimentally manipulated two components of future fitness in social queues of hover wasps (Stenogastrinae): a helper's chance of inheriting an egg-laying position, and the workforce available to rear her offspring should she inherit. After each manipulation, helpers increased or decreased their effort as appropriate to the change in expected future fitness that they experienced. Although helping provides significant indirect fitness benefits for hover wasps(11), our study shows that variation in the costs associated with helping is the major determinant of helping effort.
机译：原始的与社会社会和合作社进行繁殖的动物协会的助手丧失了自己的繁殖能力，以饲养皇后或一对繁殖对的后代，但最终可能自己获得繁殖地位。亲属选择（1）为理解这些社会提供了广泛接受的理论框架，但是遗传相关性的差异并不能解释普遍的社会特征：个体之间在努力工作上的巨大差异（2-10）。这种变化的另一种解释是帮助者面临的基本权衡：通过更加努力地工作，他们增加了适应能力的间接组成部分，但同时降低了他们未来的生存和繁殖力（2,4,8）。在这里，我们表明，当人们因工作而失去更多未来适应能力时，他们的辛苦工作就会减少。我们在悬停黄蜂（Stenogastrinae）的社交队列中对未来适应性的两个组成部分进行了实验性操作：一个助手有机会继承产卵的位置，以及在继承后可以抚养其后代的劳动力。每次操作后，助手会根据他们预期的未来适应程度的变化增加或减少他们的努力。尽管帮助为悬停黄蜂提供了显着的间接健身益处（11），但我们的研究表明，与帮助相关的成本差异是帮助工作的主要决定因素。

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