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Rank clocks

机译:等级时钟

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摘要

Many objects and events, such as cities, firms and internet hubs, scale with size(1-4) in the upper tails of their distributions. Despite intense interest in using power laws to characterize such distributions, most analyses have been concerned with observations at a single instant of time, with little analysis of objects or events that change in size through time ( notwithstanding some significant exceptions(5-7)). It is now clear that the evident macro-stability in such distributions at different times can mask a volatile and often turbulent micro-dynamics, in which objects can change their position or rank-order rapidly while their aggregate distribution appears quite stable. Here I introduce a graphical representation termed the 'rank clock' to examine such dynamics for three distributions: the size of cities in the US from AD 1790, the UK from AD1901 and the world from 430 BC. Our results destroy any notion that rank - size scaling is universal: at the micro-level, these clocks show cities and civilizations rising and falling in size at many times and on many scales. The conventional model explaining such scaling on the basis of growth by proportionate effect cannot replicate these micro-dynamics, suggesting that such models and explanations are considerably less general than has hitherto been assumed.
机译:许多对象和事件,例如城市,公司和Internet集线器,在其分布的最上端按大小(1-4)缩放。尽管对使用幂定律表征这种分布表现出了浓厚的兴趣,但大多数分析都关注单个时刻的观测结果,很少分析随时间变化大小的物体或事件(尽管有一些重大例外(5-7))。 。现在很明显,在不同时间的这种分布中明显的宏观稳定性可以掩盖不稳定的且经常是湍流的微观动力学,其中物体可以快速改变其位置或等级顺序,而它们的聚集分布显得相当稳定。在这里,我介绍一个称为“等级时钟”的图形表示法,以研究三种分布的动态变化:公元1790年在美国的城市规模,公元1901年的英国城市和公元前430年的世界。我们的结果破坏了任何有关等级的概念-规模缩放是普遍的:在微观层次上,这些时钟显示城市和文明在许多次,许多规模上的兴衰。解释基于比例效应增长的这种缩放比例的常规模型无法复制这些微观动力学,这表明此类模型和解释的通用性远低于迄今为止的假设。

著录项

  • 来源
    《Nature》 |2006年第7119期|p. 592-596|共5页
  • 作者

    Batty M;

  • 作者单位

    Univ Coll London, Bartlett Sch, Ctr Adv Spatial Anal, London WC1E 6BT, England;

  • 收录信息 美国《科学引文索引》(SCI);美国《工程索引》(EI);美国《生物学医学文摘》(MEDLINE);美国《化学文摘》(CA);
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类 自然科学总论;
  • 关键词

    POWER LAWS; ZIPFS LAW; CITIES; SYSTEMS; GROWTH;

    机译:权力法;邮编法;城市;系统;增长;

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