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The perils of anthropomorphism

机译:拟人化的危险

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摘要

The complexity of animal behaviour I naturally prompts us to use terms I that are familiar from everyday descriptions of our own actions. Charles Darwin used mentalistic terms freely when describing, for example, pleasure and disappointment in dogs; the cunning of a cobra; and sympathy in crows. Darwin's careful anthropomorphism, when combined with meticulous description, provided a scientific basis for obvious resemblances between the behaviour and psychology of humans and other animals. It raised few objections. The 1890s saw a strong reaction against ascribing conscious thoughts to animals. In the United Kingdom, Conwy Lloyd Morgan's canon forbade the explanation of animal behaviour with "a higher psychical faculty" than demanded by the data. In the United States, Edward Thorndike advocated replacing the use of anecdotes in the study of animal behaviour with controlled experiments. He argued that when studied in controlled and reproducible environments, animal' behaviour revealed simple mechanical laws that made mentalistic explanations unnecessary. This rejection of anthropomorphism was one of the few founding principles of behaviourism that survived the rise of ethological and cognitive approaches to studying animal behaviour. But after a century of silence, recent decades have seen a resurgence of anthropomorphism.
机译:动物行为的复杂性自然会促使我们使用日常行为描述中熟悉的术语I。查尔斯·达尔文(Charles Darwin)在描述狗的愉悦和失望时自由地使用了心理术语。眼镜蛇的狡猾;和乌鸦的同情。达尔文细心的拟人化与细致的描述相结合,为人类和其他动物的行为与心理之间的明显相似提供了科学依据。它很少提出异议。 1890年代,人们强烈反对将有意识的思想归因于动物。在英国,康威·劳埃德·摩根(Conwy Lloyd Morgan)的教规禁止对动物行为的解释,要比数据要求的要高。在美国,爱德华·索恩迪克(Edward Thorndike)提倡用可控实验代替在动物行为研究中使用轶事。他认为,在可控和可复制的环境中进行研究时,动物的行为揭示了简单的机械定律,因此无需进行心理上的解释。这种对拟人化的拒绝是行为主义的少数创始原理之一,该原则在研究动物行为的伦理学和认知方法的兴起中幸存下来。但是经过一个世纪的沉默,最近几十年见证了拟人化的复兴。

著录项

  • 来源
    《Nature》 |2004年第6983期|p.606|共1页
  • 作者

    Clive D. L. Wynne;

  • 作者单位

    Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-2250, USA;

  • 收录信息 美国《科学引文索引》(SCI);美国《工程索引》(EI);美国《生物学医学文摘》(MEDLINE);美国《化学文摘》(CA);
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类 自然科学总论;
  • 关键词

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