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Evolutionary changes in cis and trans gene regulation

机译：顺式和反式基因调控的进化变化

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Differences in gene expression are central to evolution. Such differences can arise from cis-regulatory changes that affect transcription initiation, transcription rate and/or transcript stability in an allele-specific manner, or from trans-regulatory changes that modify the activity or expression of factors that interact with cis-regulatory sequences(1,2). Both cis- and trans-regulatory changes contribute to divergent gene expression, but their respective contributions remain largely unknown(3). Here we examine the distribution of cis- and trans-regulatory changes underlying expression differences between closely related Drosophila species, D. melanogaster and D. simulans, and show functional cis- regulatory differences by comparing the relative abundance of species-specific transcripts in F-1 hybrids(4,5). Differences in trans-regulatory activity were inferred by comparing the ratio of allelic expression in hybrids with the ratio of gene expression between species. Of 29 genes with interspecific expression differences, 28 had differences in cis- regulation, and these changes were sufficient to explain expression divergence for about half of the genes. Trans-regulatory differences affected 55% (16 of 29) of genes, and were always accompanied by cis-regulatory changes. These data indicate that interspecific expression differences are not caused by select trans-regulatory changes with widespread effects, but rather by many cis- acting changes spread throughout the genome.
机译：基因表达的差异是进化的关键。这种差异可能是由于以等位基因特异性方式影响转录起始，转录速率和/或转录本稳定性的顺式调控变化，或者是修饰了与顺式调控序列相互作用的因子的活性或表达的反式调控变化（ 1,2）。顺式和反式调节的变化都有助于基因表达的差异，但它们各自的作用仍是未知的（3）。在这里，我们研究了紧密相关的果蝇物种，黑腹果蝇和拟青霉之间表达差异的顺式和反式调节变化的分布，并通过比较F-中特定物种转录本的相对丰度，显示了顺式-调节性差异。 1个杂种（4,5）。通过比较杂种中等位基因表达的比例与物种之间基因表达的比例，可以推断出反调节活性的差异。在具有种间表达差异的29个基因中，有28个在顺式调控方面具有差异，这些变化足以解释约一半基因的表达差异。反式调节差异影响55％（29个中的16个）基因，并且总是伴随着顺式调节变化。这些数据表明种间表达差异不是由具有广泛影响的选择性反式调节变化引起的，而是由遍布整个基因组的许多顺式作用变化引起的。

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