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Genetic variation increases during biological invasion by a Cuban lizard

机译：古巴蜥蜴在生物入侵期间的遗传变异增加

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A genetic paradox(1,2) exists in invasion biology: how do introduced populations, whose genetic variation has probably been depleted by population bottlenecks, persist and adapt to new conditions? Lessons from conservation genetics show that reduced genetic variation due to genetic drift and founder effects limits the ability of a population to adapt, and small population size increases the risk of extinction(1,3,4). Nonetheless, many introduced species experiencing these same conditions during initial introductions persist, expand their ranges, evolve rapidly and become invasive. To address this issue, we studied the brown anole, a worldwide invasive lizard. Genetic analyses indicate that at least eight introductions have occurred in Florida from across this lizard's native range, blending genetic variation from different geographic source populations and producing populations that contain substantially more, not less, genetic variation than native populations. Moreover, recently introduced brown anole populations around the world originate from Florida, and some have maintained these elevated levels of genetic variation. Here we show that one key to invasion success may be the occurrence of multiple introductions that transform among-population variation in native ranges to within-population variation in introduced areas. Furthermore, these genetically variable populations may be particularly potent sources for introductions elsewhere. The growing problem of invasive species introductions brings considerable economic and biological costs(5,6). If these costs are to be mitigated, a greater understanding of the causes, progression and consequences of biological invasions is needed(7).
机译：入侵生物学中存在遗传悖论（1,2）：其遗传变异可能已被种群瓶颈耗尽的引入种群如何持续存在并适应新条件？保护遗传学的经验教训表明，由于遗传漂移和奠基者效应而导致的遗传变异减少，限制了种群适应的能力，而种群较小则增加了灭绝的风险（1、3、4）。但是，许多引进物种在初次引进过程中经历了相同的条件，它们持续存在，扩大范围，迅速进化并成为入侵物种。为了解决这个问题，我们研究了棕色蜥蜴，一种全球侵入性蜥蜴。遗传分析表明，在佛罗里达州至少有八种从该蜥蜴的本地范围引进的物种，将来自不同地理来源种群的遗传变异混合在一起，产生的遗传变异比土著种群多得多而不是更少。此外，世界各地最近引进的棕色茴香种群起源于佛罗里达州，其中一些种群保持了这些升高的遗传变异水平。在这里，我们表明入侵成功的关键可能是多次引入的发生，这些引入将原生范围内的种群间变异转变为引入地区的种群内变异。此外，这些遗传变异的种群可能是在其他地方引入的特别有效的来源。入侵物种引进的日益严重的问题带来了可观的经济和生物成本（5,6）。如果要减少这些成本，就需要对生物入侵的原因，进展和后果有更深入的了解（7）。

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