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Modified structure of protons and neutrons in correlated pairs

机译：相关对中质子和中子的修饰结构

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摘要

The atomic nucleus is made of protons and neutrons (nucleons), which are themselves composed of quarks and gluons. Understanding how the quark-gluon structure of a nucleon bound in an atomic nucleus is modified by the surrounding nucleons is an outstanding challenge. Although evidence for such modification-known as the EMC effect-was first observed over 35 years ago, there is still no generally accepted explanation for its cause(1-3). Recent observations suggest that the EMC effect is related to close-proximity short-range correlated (SRC) nucleon pairs in nuclei(4,5). Here we report simultaneous, high-precision measurements of the EMC effect and SRC abundances. We show that EMC data can be explained by a universal modification of the structure of nucleons in neutron-proton SRC pairs and present a data-driven extraction of the corresponding universal modification function. This implies that in heavier nuclei with many more neutrons than protons, each proton is more likely than each neutron to belong to an SRC pair and hence to have distorted quark structure. This universal modification function will be useful for determining the structure of the free neutron and thereby testing quantum chromodynamics symmetry-breaking mechanisms and may help to discriminate between nuclear physics effects and beyond-the-standard-model effects in neutrino experiments.
机译：原子核由质子和中子（核子）组成，它们本身由夸克和胶子组成。理解原子核中键合的核子的夸克-胶子结构如何被周围的核子修饰是一个巨大的挑战。虽然这种修饰称为EMC效应的证据是在35年前首次观察到的，但至今仍没有公认的原因解释（1-3）。最近的观察表明，EMC效应与细胞核中的近距离短程相关（SRC）核子对有关（4,5）。在这里，我们报告了EMC效果和SRC丰度的同步，高精度测量。我们表明，EMC数据可以通过对中子-质子SRC对中核子结构的通用修改来解释，并且可以提供相应通用修改功能的数据驱动提取。这意味着在中子比质子多的较重核中，每个质子比每个中子更有可能属于一个SRC对，因而具有扭曲的夸克结构。这种通用的修改功能将对确定自由中子的结构，从而测试量子色动力学对称性破坏机理很有用，并可能有助于区分中微子实验中的核物理效应和超标准模型效应。

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  • 来源
    《Nature》 |2019年第7744期|354-358|共5页
  • 作者

    Schmookler B.; Duer M.; Schmidt A.; Hen O.; Gilad S.; Piasetzky E.; Strikman M.; Weinstein L. B.; Adhikari S.; Amaryan M.; Ashkenazi A.; Avakian H.; Ball J.; Balossino I.; Barion L.; Bashkanov M.; Battaglieri M.; Beck A.; Bedlinskiy I.; Biselli A. S.; Boiarinov S.; Briscoe W. J.; Brooks W. K.; Burkert V. D.; Carman D. S.; Celentano A.; Charles G.; Chetry T.; Ciullo G.; Cohen E.; Cole P. L.; Crede V.; Cruz-Torres R.; DAngelo A.; Dashyan N.; De Sanctis E.; De Vita R.; Deur A.; Diehl S.; Djalali C.; Dupre R.; Egiyan H.; El Fassi L.; Elouadrhiri L.; Eugenio P.; Fedotov G.; Fersch R.; Filippi A.; Forest T. A.; Gavalian G.; Gilfoyle G. P.; Girod F. X.; Golovatch E.; Gothe R. W.; Griffioen K. A.; Guidal M.; Guo L.; Hafidi K.; Hakobyan H.; Hanretty C.; Harrison N.; Hauenstein F.; Hayward T. B.; Hicks K.; Higinbotham D.; Holtrop M.; Hyde C. E.; Ilieva Y.; Ireland D. G.; Ishkhanov B. S.; Isupov E. L.; Jo H. -S.; Johnston S.; Joo K.; Joosten S.; Kabir M. L.; Keller D.; Khachatryan G.; Khachatryan M.; Khandaker M.; Kim A.; Kim W.; Klein A.; Klein F. J.; Korover I.; Kubarovsky V.; Kuhn S. E.; Kuleshov S. V.; Lanza L.; Laskaris G.; Lenisa P.; Livingston K.; MacGregor I. J. D.; Markov N.; McKinnon B.; Beck S. Mey-Tal; Mineeva T.; Mirazita M.; Mokeev V.; Montgomery R. A.; Camacho C. Munoz; Mustapha B.; Niccolai S.; Osipenko M.; Ostrovidov A. I.; Paolone M.; Paremuzyan R.; Park K.; Pasyuk E.; Patsyuk M.; Pogorelko O.; Price J. W.; Prok Y.; Protopopescu D.; Ripani M.; Riser D.; Rizzo A.; Rosner G.; Rossi P.; Sabatie F.; Salgado C.; Schumacher R. A.; Segarra E. P.; Sharabian G.; Skorodumina I. U.; Sokhan D.; Sparveris N.; Stepanyan S.; Strauch S.; Taiuti M.; Tan J. A.; Ungaro M.; Voskanyan H.; Voutier E.; Watts D. P.; Wei X.; Wood M.; Zachariou N.; Zhang J.; Zhao Z. W.; Zheng X.;

  • 作者单位

    MIT, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA;

    Tel Aviv Univ, Tel Aviv, Israel;

    MIT, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA;

    MIT, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA;

    MIT, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA;

    Tel Aviv Univ, Tel Aviv, Israel;

    Penn State Univ, University Pk, PA 16802 USA;

    Old Dominion Univ, Norfolk, VA USA;

    Florida Int Univ, Miami, FL 33199 USA;

    Old Dominion Univ, Norfolk, VA USA;

    MIT, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA;

    Thomas Jefferson Natl Accelerator Facil, Newport News, VA USA;

    Univ Paris Saclay, CEA, IRFU, Gif Sur Yvette, France;

    INFN, Sez Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy;

    INFN, Sez Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy;

    Univ York, Heslington, England;

    INFN, Sez Genova, Genoa, Italy;

    MIT, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA;

    Inst Theoret & Expt Phys, Moscow, Russia;

    Fairfield Univ, Fairfield, CT 06430 USA;

    Thomas Jefferson Natl Accelerator Facil, Newport News, VA USA;

    George Washington Univ, Washington, DC USA;

    Thomas Jefferson Natl Accelerator Facil, Newport News, VA USA|Univ Tecn Federico Santa Maria, Valparaiso, Chile;

    Thomas Jefferson Natl Accelerator Facil, Newport News, VA USA;

    Thomas Jefferson Natl Accelerator Facil, Newport News, VA USA;

    INFN, Sez Genova, Genoa, Italy;

    Old Dominion Univ, Norfolk, VA USA;

    Ohio Univ, Athens, OH 45701 USA;

    INFN, Sez Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy|Univ Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy;

    Tel Aviv Univ, Tel Aviv, Israel;

    Lamar Univ, Beaumont, TX USA;

    Florida State Univ, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA;

    MIT, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA;

    INFN, Sez Roma Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy|Univ Roma Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy;

    Yerevan Phys Inst, Yerevan, Armenia;

    INFN, Lab Nazl Frascati, Frascati, Italy;

    INFN, Sez Genova, Genoa, Italy;

    Thomas Jefferson Natl Accelerator Facil, Newport News, VA USA;

    Univ Connecticut, Storrs, CT USA;

    Ohio Univ, Athens, OH 45701 USA;

    Univ Paris Saclay, Univ Paris Sud, CNRS, Inst Phys Nucl,IN2P3, Orsay, France;

    Thomas Jefferson Natl Accelerator Facil, Newport News, VA USA;

    Mississippi State Univ, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA;

    Thomas Jefferson Natl Accelerator Facil, Newport News, VA USA;

    Florida State Univ, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA;

    Ohio Univ, Athens, OH 45701 USA;

    Christopher Newport Univ, Newport News, VA 23606 USA|Coll William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA USA;

    INFN, Sez Torino, Turin, Italy;

    Idaho State Univ, Pocatello, ID 83209 USA;

    Thomas Jefferson Natl Accelerator Facil, Newport News, VA USA;

    Univ Richmond, Richmond, VA 23173 USA;

    Thomas Jefferson Natl Accelerator Facil, Newport News, VA USA;

    Lomonosov Moscow State Univ, Skobeltsyn Inst Nucl Phys, Moscow, Russia;

    Univ South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208 USA;

    Coll William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA USA;

    Univ Paris Saclay, Univ Paris Sud, CNRS, Inst Phys Nucl,IN2P3, Orsay, France;

    Florida Int Univ, Miami, FL 33199 USA|Thomas Jefferson Natl Accelerator Facil, Newport News, VA USA;

    Argonne Natl Lab, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA;

    Univ Tecn Federico Santa Maria, Valparaiso, Chile|Yerevan Phys Inst, Yerevan, Armenia;

    Thomas Jefferson Natl Accelerator Facil, Newport News, VA USA;

    Thomas Jefferson Natl Accelerator Facil, Newport News, VA USA;

    Old Dominion Univ, Norfolk, VA USA;

    Coll William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA USA;

    Ohio Univ, Athens, OH 45701 USA;

    Thomas Jefferson Natl Accelerator Facil, Newport News, VA USA;

    Univ New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824 USA;

    Old Dominion Univ, Norfolk, VA USA;

    George Washington Univ, Washington, DC USA|Univ South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208 USA;

    Univ Glasgow, Glasgow, Lanark, Scotland;

    Lomonosov Moscow State Univ, Skobeltsyn Inst Nucl Phys, Moscow, Russia;

    Lomonosov Moscow State Univ, Skobeltsyn Inst Nucl Phys, Moscow, Russia;

    Kyungpook Natl Univ, Daegu, South Korea;

    Argonne Natl Lab, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA;

    Univ Connecticut, Storrs, CT USA;

    Argonne Natl Lab, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA;

    Mississippi State Univ, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA;

    Univ Virginia, Charlottesville, VA USA;

    Yerevan Phys Inst, Yerevan, Armenia;

    Old Dominion Univ, Norfolk, VA USA;

    Norfolk State Univ, Norfolk, VA USA;

    Univ Connecticut, Storrs, CT USA;

    Kyungpook Natl Univ, Daegu, South Korea;

    Old Dominion Univ, Norfolk, VA USA;

    Catholic Univ Amer, Washington, DC 20064 USA;

    Nucl Res Ctr Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel;

    Thomas Jefferson Natl Accelerator Facil, Newport News, VA USA;

    Old Dominion Univ, Norfolk, VA USA;

    Inst Theoret & Expt Phys, Moscow, Russia|Univ Tecn Federico Santa Maria, Valparaiso, Chile;

    INFN, Sez Roma Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy;

    MIT, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA;

    INFN, Sez Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy;

    Univ Glasgow, Glasgow, Lanark, Scotland;

    Univ Glasgow, Glasgow, Lanark, Scotland;

    Univ Connecticut, Storrs, CT USA;

    Univ Glasgow, Glasgow, Lanark, Scotland;

    MIT, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA;

    Univ Tecn Federico Santa Maria, Valparaiso, Chile;

    INFN, Lab Nazl Frascati, Frascati, Italy;

    Thomas Jefferson Natl Accelerator Facil, Newport News, VA USA|Lomonosov Moscow State Univ, Skobeltsyn Inst Nucl Phys, Moscow, Russia;

    Univ Glasgow, Glasgow, Lanark, Scotland;

    Univ Paris Saclay, Univ Paris Sud, CNRS, Inst Phys Nucl,IN2P3, Orsay, France;

    Argonne Natl Lab, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA;

    Univ Paris Saclay, Univ Paris Sud, CNRS, Inst Phys Nucl,IN2P3, Orsay, France;

    INFN, Sez Genova, Genoa, Italy;

    Florida State Univ, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA;

    Temple Univ, Philadelphia, PA 19122 USA;

    Univ New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824 USA;

    Thomas Jefferson Natl Accelerator Facil, Newport News, VA USA|Kyungpook Natl Univ, Daegu, South Korea;

    Thomas Jefferson Natl Accelerator Facil, Newport News, VA USA|Arizona State Univ, Tempe, AZ USA;

    MIT, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA;

    Inst Theoret & Expt Phys, Moscow, Russia;

    Calif State Univ Carson, Carson, CA USA;

    Old Dominion Univ, Norfolk, VA USA|Univ Virginia, Charlottesville, VA USA;

    Univ Glasgow, Glasgow, Lanark, Scotland;

    INFN, Sez Genova, Genoa, Italy;

    Univ Connecticut, Storrs, CT USA;

    INFN, Sez Roma Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy|Univ Roma Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy;

    Univ Glasgow, Glasgow, Lanark, Scotland;

    Thomas Jefferson Natl Accelerator Facil, Newport News, VA USA|INFN, Lab Nazl Frascati, Frascati, Italy;

    Univ Paris Saclay, CEA, IRFU, Gif Sur Yvette, France;

    Norfolk State Univ, Norfolk, VA USA;

    Carnegie Mellon Univ, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA;

    MIT, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA;

    Thomas Jefferson Natl Accelerator Facil, Newport News, VA USA;

    Lomonosov Moscow State Univ, Skobeltsyn Inst Nucl Phys, Moscow, Russia|Univ South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208 USA;

    Univ Glasgow, Glasgow, Lanark, Scotland;

    Temple Univ, Philadelphia, PA 19122 USA;

    Thomas Jefferson Natl Accelerator Facil, Newport News, VA USA;

    George Washington Univ, Washington, DC USA|Univ South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208 USA;

    INFN, Sez Genova, Genoa, Italy|Univ Genoa, Dipartimento Fis, Genoa, Italy;

    Kyungpook Natl Univ, Daegu, South Korea;

    Penn State Univ, University Pk, PA 16802 USA|Rensselaer Polytech Inst, Troy, NY USA;

    Yerevan Phys Inst, Yerevan, Armenia;

    Univ Paris Saclay, Univ Paris Sud, CNRS, Inst Phys Nucl,IN2P3, Orsay, France;

    Univ York, Heslington, England;

    Thomas Jefferson Natl Accelerator Facil, Newport News, VA USA;

    Canisius Coll, Buffalo, NY 14208 USA;

    Univ York, Heslington, England;

    Univ Virginia, Charlottesville, VA USA;

    Old Dominion Univ, Norfolk, VA USA|Duke Univ, Durham, NC USA;

    Univ Virginia, Charlottesville, VA USA;

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