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Nightside condensation of iron in an ultrahot giant exoplanet

机译：超热巨系外行星中铁的夜间凝结

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Ultrahot giant exoplanets receive thousands of times Earth's insolation(1,2). Their high-temperature atmospheres (greater than 2,000 kelvin) are ideal laboratories for studying extreme planetary climates and chemistry(3-5). Daysides are predicted to be cloud-free, dominated by atomic species(6) and much hotter than nightsides(5,7,8). Atoms are expected to recombine into molecules over the nightside(9), resulting in different day and night chemistries. Although metallic elements and a large temperature contrast have been observed(10-14), no chemical gradient has been measured across the surface of such an exoplanet. Different atmospheric chemistry between the day-to-night ('evening') and night-to-day ('morning') terminators could, however, be revealed as an asymmetric absorption signature during transit(4,7,15). Here we report the detection of an asymmetric atmospheric signature in the ultrahot exoplanet WASP-76b. We spectrally and temporally resolve this signature using a combination of high-dispersion spectroscopy with a large photon-collecting area. The absorption signal, attributed to neutral iron, is blueshifted by -11 +/- 0.7 kilometres per second on the trailing limb, which can be explained by a combination of planetary rotation and wind blowing from the hot dayside(16). In contrast, no signal arises from the nightside close to the morning terminator, showing that atomic iron is not absorbing starlight there. We conclude that iron must therefore condense during its journey across the nightside.Absorption lines of iron in the dayside atmosphere of an ultrahot giant exoplanet disappear after travelling across the nightside, showing that the iron has condensed during its travel.
机译：超热巨系外行星受到地球数千次的日照（1,2）。它们的高温大气（大于2,000开尔文）是研究极端行星气候和化学的理想实验室（3-5）。预计白天将是无云的，主要受原子种类（6）的影响，并且比夜晚要热得多（5,7,8）。预计原子会在晚上重新结合成分子（9），导致昼夜化学不同。尽管已观察到金属元素和较大的温度对比（10-14），但尚未在整个系外行星表面测量到化学梯度。然而，在运输过程中，一天到晚（“晚上”）和晚上到一天（“早晨”）终止剂之间的不同大气化学性质可能被揭示为不对称的吸收特征（4、7、15）。在这里，我们报告在超热系外行星WASP-76b中检测到不对称的大气特征。我们在光谱和时间上使用高色散光谱与大光子收集面积的组合来解析此特征。归因于中性铁的吸收信号在尾随肢体上以每秒-11 +/- 0.7 km的速度蓝移，这可以通过行星旋转和炎热的白天吹来的风来解释（16）。相反，在靠近终结者的夜晚没有信号出现，表明原子铁在那里没有吸收星光。因此我们得出结论，铁因此必须在其整个夜间旅行过程中凝结。超热巨型系外行星在白天的气氛中的铁吸收线在经过夜间旅行后消失，这表明铁在旅行过程中已经凝结。

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    《Nature》 |2020年第7805期|597-601|共5页
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    Univ Geneva Observ Astron Versoix Switzerland;

    CSIC INTA Ctr Astrobiol Torrejon De Ardoz Spain;

    Univ Geneva Observ Astron Versoix Switzerland|INAF Osservatorio Astron Brera Merate Italy;

    INAF Osservatorio Astron Trieste Trieste Italy;

    Inst Astrofis Canarias Tenerife Spain;

    Univ Porto CAUP Inst Astrofis & Ciencias Espaco Porto Portugal|Univ Porto Fac Ciencias Dept Fis & Astron Porto Portugal;

    Univ Porto CAUP Inst Astrofis & Ciencias Espaco Porto Portugal;

    Inst Astrofis Canarias Tenerife Spain|Univ Lisbon Inst Astrofis & Ciencias Espaco Lisbon Portugal|Univ Lisbon Dept Fis Fac Ciencias Lisbon Portugal;

    Univ Bern Phys Inst Bern Switzerland|Univ Bern Ctr Space & Habitabil Bern Switzerland;

    INAF Osservatorio Astron Brera Merate Italy;

    Univ Lisbon Inst Astrofis & Ciencias Espaco Lisbon Portugal|Univ Lisbon Dept Fis Fac Ciencias Lisbon Portugal;

    European Southern Observ Garching Germany;

    INAF Osservatorio Astron Trieste Trieste Italy|Scuola Normale Super Pisa Pisa Italy;

    Univ Porto CAUP Inst Astrofis & Ciencias Espaco Porto Portugal|European Southern Observ Santiago Chile;

    Univ Geneva Observ Astron Versoix Switzerland|Austrian Acad Sci Space Res Inst Graz Austria;

    European Southern Observ Santiago Chile;

    Univ Porto CAUP Inst Astrofis & Ciencias Espaco Porto Portugal|Univ Porto Ctr Astrofis Porto Portugal;

    INAF Osservatorio Astron Palermo Palermo Italy;

    INAF Osservatorio Astron Trieste Trieste Italy|Inst Fundamental Phys Universe Miramare Italy;

    Univ Lisbon Inst Astrofis & Ciencias Espaco Lisbon Portugal;

    INAF Osservatorio Astron Brera Merate Italy|Fdn Galileo Galilei INAF Brena Baja Spain;

    INAF Osservatorio Astrofis Torino Pino Torinese Italy;

    CSIC INTA Ctr Astrobiol Torrejon De Ardoz Spain|Univ Porto CAUP Inst Astrofis & Ciencias Espaco Porto Portugal;

  • 收录信息 美国《科学引文索引》(SCI);美国《工程索引》(EI);美国《生物学医学文摘》(MEDLINE);美国《化学文摘》(CA);
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